Pioneer Fund
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| - | '''Scientific racism''', sometimes termed '''biological racism''', is a [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify [[racism]] (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or [[racial superiority]]. Historically, scientific racism received credence throughout the scientific community, but it is no longer considered scientific. | + | '''Pioneer Fund''' is an American [[non-profit organization|non-profit foundation]] established in 1937 "to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences". The organization has been described as [[Scientific racism|racist]] and [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] in nature. |
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| - | Scientific racism employs [[anthropology]] (notably [[physical anthropology]]), [[anthropometry]], [[craniometry]], and other disciplines or pseudo-disciplines, in proposing anthropological [[typology (anthropology)|typologies]] supporting the [[Historical definitions of race|classification of human populations]] into physically discrete human races, that might be asserted to be superior or inferior. Scientific racism was common during the period from [[17th century|1600s]] to the end of [[World War II]]. Since the second half of the 20th century, scientific racism has been criticized as obsolete and discredited, yet historically has persistently been used to support or validate racist world-views, based upon belief in the existence and significance of racial categories and a hierarchy of superior and inferior races. | + | |
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| - | After the end of World War II, scientific racism in theory and action was formally denounced, especially in [[UNESCO]]'s early [[Scientific anti-racism|antiracist]] statement "[[The Race Question]]" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of 'race' should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of 'race' has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold suffering". Such "biological fact" has not reached a consensus as developments in [[human evolutionary genetics]] showed that human genetic differences are often gradual. | + | |
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| - | The term "scientific racism" is generally used pejoratively as applied to more modern theories, as in ''[[The Bell Curve]]'' (1994). Critics argue that such works postulate racist conclusions unsupported by available evidence such as a connection between [[race and intelligence]]. Publications such as the ''[[Mankind Quarterly]]'', founded explicitly as a "race-conscious" journal, are generally regarded as platforms of scientific racism for publishing articles on fringe interpretations of [[human evolution]], [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]], [[ethnography]], [[language]], [[mythology]], [[archaeology]], and race subjects. | + | |
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| - | ==Antecedents== | + | |
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| - | ===Enlightenment thinkers=== | + | |
| - | During the [[Age of Enlightenment]] (an era from the 1650s to the 1780s), concepts of [[monogenism]] and [[polygenism]] became popular, though they would only be systematized epistemologically during the 19th century. [[Monogenism]] contends that all races have a single origin, while [[polygenism]] is the idea that each race has a separate origin. Until the 18th century, the words "race" and "species" were interchangeable. | + | |
| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | * ''[[American Renaissance (magazine)|American Renaissance]]'' | + | |
| - | * [[Biological determinism]] | + | |
| - | * [[Environmental determinism]] | + | |
| - | * [[Institute for the Study of Academic Racism]] | + | |
| - | * ''[[IQ and Global Inequality]]'' | + | |
| - | * [[Italian Fascism and racism]] | + | |
| - | * [[Italian racial laws]] | + | |
| - | * [[Nazism and race]] | + | |
| - | * [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]] | + | |
| - | * [[Pioneer Fund]] | + | |
| - | * [[Race and genetics]] | + | |
| - | * ''[[Superior: The Return of Race Science]]'' | + | |
| - | * ''[[The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution]]''}} | + | |
| - | * [[Scientific racism in the work of Carl Linnaeus]] | + | |
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Pioneer Fund is an American non-profit foundation established in 1937 "to advance the scientific study of heredity and human differences". The organization has been described as racist and white supremacist in nature.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Pioneer Fund" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
