Otto of Greece
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| - | '''Leo von Klenze''' ('''Franz Karl Leopold von Klenze'''; 29 February 1784, Buchladen (Bockelah / Bocla) near [[Schladen]] – 26 January 1864, [[Munich]]) was a German [[Neoclassicism|neoclassicist]] architect, painter and writer. Court architect of Bavarian King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]], Leo von Klenze was one of the most prominent representatives of [[Greek revival]] style. He painted ''[[The Acropolis of Athens]]'' (1846). | + | '''Otto''' ({{Lang-el|Ὄθων}}, ''Óthon''; 1 June 1815 – 26 July 1867) was a [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavarian prince]] who became the first modern [[List of kings of Greece|King]] of [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] in 1832 under the [[London Conference of 1832|Convention of London]]. He reigned until he was deposed in 1862. |
| - | ==Biography== | + | The second son of King [[Ludwig I, King of Bavaria|Ludwig I of Bavaria]], Otto ascended the newly created throne of Greece while still a minor. His government was initially run by a three-man regency council made up of Bavarian court officials. Upon reaching his majority, Otto removed the regents when they proved unpopular with the people and he ruled as an [[Absolute monarchy|absolute monarch]]. Eventually his subjects' demands for a Constitution proved overwhelming, and in the face of an armed but bloodless insurrection Otto in 1843 granted a constitution. However he rigged elections using fraud and terror. |
| - | Von Klenze studied architecture and public building finance under [[Friedrich Gilly]] in Berlin, and worked as an apprentice to [[Charles Percier]] and [[Pierre François Léonard Fontaine]] in Paris. Between 1808 and 1813 he was a court architect of [[Jérôme Bonaparte]], King of [[Westphalia]]. Later he moved to [[Bavaria]] and in 1816 began to work as court architect of [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]]. The King's passion for [[Hellenism (neoclassicism)|Hellenism]] shaped the architectural style of von Klenze. He built many neoclassical buildings in Munich, including the [[Ruhmeshalle (Munich)|Ruhmeshalle]] and [[Englischer Garten (Munich)|Monopteros temple]]. On [[Königsplatz, Munich|Königsplatz]] he designed probably the best known modern Hellenistic architectural ensemble. Near [[Regensburg]] he built the [[Walhalla temple]], named after [[Valhalla]], the home of gods in [[Norse mythology]]. | + | |
| - | When [[Greece]] won its independence, Ludwig I's son [[Otto of Greece|Otto]] became the country's first king. Von Klenze was invited to [[Athens]] to submit plans of city reconstruction in the style of [[Ancient Greece]]. Russian Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] commissioned von Klenze in 1838 to design a building for the [[Hermitage Museum|New Hermitage]], a public museum that housed the Romanov collection of antiquities, paintings, coins and medals, cameos, prints and drawings, and books. Prior to this, von Klenze had also designed and arranged museum galleries in Munich, including the [[Glyptothek]], Ludwig I's museum for antique sculpture, and the [[Alte Pinakothek]], a painting gallery for the pictures of the [[Wittelsbach]] collection. | + | Throughout his reign Otto was unable to resolve Greece's poverty and prevent economic meddling from outside. Greek politics in this era was based on affiliations with the three [[European balance of power|Great Powers]], and Otto's ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers' Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. When Greece was blockaded by the British [[Royal Navy]] in 1850 and again in 1854, to stop Greece from attacking the [[Ottoman Empire]] during the [[Crimean War]], Otto's standing amongst Greeks suffered. As a result, there was an assassination attempt on the Queen, and finally in 1862 Otto was deposed while in the countryside. He died in exile in Bavaria in 1867. |
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| - | Von Klenze was not only an architect, but also an accomplished painter and draughtsman. In many of his paintings ancient buildings were depicted. Those served as models for his own architectural projects. Klenze studied ancient architecture during his travels to Italy and [[Greece]]. He also participated in excavations of ancient buildings in [[Athens]] and submitted proposals for the restoration of the [[Acropolis]]. | + | |
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| - | Klenze collected works of important contemporary German painters. He sold his collection, including 58 landscapes and genre paintings, to [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|King Ludwig I]] in 1841. These paintings form the core of the [[Neue Pinakothek]] museum's collection. | + | |
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| - | Von Klenze married Maria Felicitas Blangini (1790–1844) a beauty at the court of Ludwig I. Their granddaughter Irene Athenais von Klenze became Countess Courten (1850–1916). | + | |
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| - | Von Klenze died in 1864 and was buried in the [[Alter Südfriedhof]] in Munich. | + | |
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| - | ==Architectural works== | + | |
| - | *In [[Munich|Munich (München)]]: | + | |
| - | ** [[Glyptothek]] (1816–1830) | + | |
| - | ** [[Alte Pinakothek]] (1826–1836) | + | |
| - | ** [[Residenz, Munich|Residenz]] – Königsbau, Festsaalbau and the [[Allerheiligen-Hofkirche]] (1826–1842) | + | |
| - | ** Monopteros temple in [[Englischer Garten]] (1836) | + | |
| - | ** [[Propylaea (Munich)|Propyläen]] Gate (1846–1862) | + | |
| - | ** [[Ruhmeshalle (Munich)|Ruhmeshalle]] (1850) | + | |
| - | ** Monopteros in the park of [[Nymphenburg Palace]] | + | |
| - | ** [[Ludwigstrasse]], [[Odeonsplatz]] and adjacent Wittelsbacherplatz | + | |
| - | * Ballhouse in [[Wilhelmshöhe]] castle park, ([[Kassel]]) (1809–1810) | + | |
| - | * [[Ismaning]] castle (1816) built for a stepson of [[Napoleon]], [[Eugène de Beauharnais]], and his spouse. | + | |
| - | * [[Walhalla temple]] near [[Regensburg]] (1816–1842) | + | |
| - | * Neues Schloss (New Palace) at Pappenheim (1819–1820) | + | |
| - | * [[Hermitage Museum|New Hermitage]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1839–1852) | + | |
| - | * [[Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite|Catholic church of St. Dionysios]] the Areopagite in [[Athens]], [[Greece]] (1853–1865) | + | |
| - | * [[Befreiungshalle]] in [[Kelheim]] (1863) | + | |
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| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | *[[Neoclassical architecture]] | + | |
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Revision as of 16:19, 15 November 2017
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Otto (Template:Lang-el, Óthon; 1 June 1815 – 26 July 1867) was a Bavarian prince who became the first modern King of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London. He reigned until he was deposed in 1862.
The second son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, Otto ascended the newly created throne of Greece while still a minor. His government was initially run by a three-man regency council made up of Bavarian court officials. Upon reaching his majority, Otto removed the regents when they proved unpopular with the people and he ruled as an absolute monarch. Eventually his subjects' demands for a Constitution proved overwhelming, and in the face of an armed but bloodless insurrection Otto in 1843 granted a constitution. However he rigged elections using fraud and terror.
Throughout his reign Otto was unable to resolve Greece's poverty and prevent economic meddling from outside. Greek politics in this era was based on affiliations with the three Great Powers, and Otto's ability to maintain the support of the powers was key to his remaining in power. To remain strong, Otto had to play the interests of each of the Great Powers' Greek adherents against the others, while not aggravating the Great Powers. When Greece was blockaded by the British Royal Navy in 1850 and again in 1854, to stop Greece from attacking the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War, Otto's standing amongst Greeks suffered. As a result, there was an assassination attempt on the Queen, and finally in 1862 Otto was deposed while in the countryside. He died in exile in Bavaria in 1867.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Otto of Greece" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
