October 27  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
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-*[[710]] - Saracen invasion of [[Sardinia]]. 
-* [[939]] - [[Edmund I of England|Edmund I]] succeeds [[Athelstan of England|Athelstan]] as [[King of England]]. 
-*[[1275]] - Traditional founding of the city of [[Amsterdam]]. 
-*[[1524]] - [[Italian Wars]]: The French troops lay siege to [[Pavia]]. 
-*[[1553]] - Condemned as a heretic, [[Michael Servetus]] is [[burned at the stake]] just outside [[Geneva]]. 
-*[[1644]] - [[Second Battle of Newbury]] in the [[English Civil War]]. 
-*[[1682]] - [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] is founded. 
-*[[1795]] - The [[United States]] and [[Spain]] sign the [[Treaty of Madrid (1795)|Treaty of Madrid]], which establishes the boundaries between [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonies]] and the U.S. 
-*[[1806]] - The [[French Army]] enters in [[Berlin]]. 
-*[[1807]] - Occupation of [[Portugal]] by French-Spanish troops. 
-*[[1810]] - [[United States]] annexes the former [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colony]] of [[West Florida]]. 
-*[[1838]] - [[Missouri]] governor [[Lilburn Boggs]] issues the [[Extermination Order (Mormonism)|Extermination Order]], which orders all [[Mormons]] to leave the state. 
-*[[1870]] - Marshal [[François Achille Bazaine]] surrenders to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] forces at [[Metz]] along with 140,000 [[France|French]] soldiers in one of the biggest French defeats of the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. 
-*[[1904]] - The first underground [[New York City Subway]] line opens; the system becomes biggest in [[United States|United States of America]], and one of the biggest in world. 
-*[[1916]] - [[Battle of Segale]]: [[Negus]] [[Mikael of Wollo|Mikael]], marching on the [[Ethiopia]]n capital in support of his son Emperor [[Iyasu V of Ethiopia|Iyasus V]], is defeated by Fitawrari [[Habte Giyorgis]], securing the throne for Empress [[Zauditu of Ethiopia|Zauditu]]. 
-*[[1922]] - A referendum in [[Rhodesia]] rejects the country's annexation to the [[South African Union]]. 
-*[[1924]] - The [[Uzbek SSR]] is founded in the Soviet Union. 
-*[[1936]] - [[Wallis, The Duchess of Windsor|Mrs Wallis Simpson]] filed for divorce which would eventually allow her to marry King [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom]], thus forcing his [[Edward VIII abdication crisis|abdication]] from the throne. 
-*[[1946]] - First [[commerce|commercially-sponsored]] [[television program]] airs (''Geographically Speaking'', sponsored by [[Bristol-Myers]]). 
-*[[1948]] - [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] founds the [[Senegalese Democratic Bloc]] (BDS). 
-*[[1949]] - An airliner flying from [[Paris]] to [[New York]] crashes near the [[Azores]]. Among the victims are violinist [[Ginette Neveu]] and boxer [[Marcel Cerdan]]. 
-*[[1953]] - British [[nuclear test]] ''Totem 2'' is detonated at [[Emu Field]], [[South Australia]]. 
-*[[1954]] - [[Benjamin O. Davis Jr.]] becomes the first [[African-American]] general in the [[United States Air Force]]. 
-*[[1958]] - [[Iskander Mirza]], the first [[President of Pakistan]], is deposed in a bloodless [[coup d'état]] by General [[Ayub Khan]], who was appointed the enforcer of [[martial law]] by Mirza 20 days earlier.  
-*[[1961]] - [[NASA]] launched the first [[Saturn I]] [[rocket]] in [[SA-1 (Apollo)|Mission Saturn-Apollo 1]]. 
-*[[1962]] - Major [[Rudolph Anderson]] of the [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] became the only direct human casualty of the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] when his [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 reconnaissance airplane]] was shot down in [[Cuba]] by a Soviet-supplied [[SA-2 Guideline]] [[surface-to-air missile]]. 
-*1962 - The plane of [[Enrico Mattei]], Italian industry's most relevant figure, crashes in mysterious circumstances. 
-*[[1964]] - [[Ronald Reagan]] delivers a speech on behalf of Republican candidate for president, [[Barry Goldwater]]. The speech launched his political career and came to be known as "[[A Time for Choosing]]". 
-*[[1970]] - [[Louis Néel]] receives the [[Nobel Prize]]. 
-*[[1971]] - [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] is renamed [[Zaire]]. 
-*[[1973]] - The Canyon City meteorite, a 1.4 [[kilogram|kg]] chondrite type [[meteorite]] strikes in [[Fremont County, Colorado]]. 
-*[[1981]] - The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] submarine [[U 137]] runs aground on the east coast of [[Sweden]]. 
-*[[1986]] - The [[United Kingdom]] government suddenly deregulates financial markets, leading to a total restructuring of the way in which they operate in the country, in an event now referred to as the [[Big_Bang_%28financial_markets%29|Big Bang]] 
-*[[1990]] - [[Supreme Soviet]] of [[Kirghiz SSR]] chooses [[Askar Akayev]] as republic's first [[President of Kyrgyzstan|president]]. 
-*[[1991]] - [[Turkmenistan]] achieved independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. 
-*1991 - First free legislative elections in [[Poland]] since 1936. 
-*[[1992]] - US Navy radioman [[Allen R. Schindler, Jr.]] is brutally murdered by shipmates for being gay, precipitating first military, then national debate about [[gays in the military]] that resulted in the United States "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]" military policy. 
-*[[1995]] - [[Latvia]] applies for membership in the [[European Union]]. 
-*1995 - Former Italian Prime Minister [[Bettino Craxi]] is condemned ''in absentia'' for corruption. 
-*[[1997]] - [[Stock market]]s around the world [[stock market crash|crash]] because of fears of a global economic meltdown. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] plummets 554.26 points to 7,161.15. For the first time, the [[New York Stock Exchange]] activated their "circuit breakers" twice during the day eventually making the controversial move of closing the Exchange early (see [[October 27, 1997 mini-crash]]). 
-*[[1998]] - [[Gerhard Schröder]] becomes [[Chancellor of Germany]] for the first time. 
-*[[2002]] - Trades unionist [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] is elected as President of Brazil. 
-* 2002 - The [[ITV Network]] aired a constant regional service for the last time in [[England]] and [[Wales]], but [[London Weekend Television]] (LWT) lost its identity completely. All companies (''except [[UTV]], [[Channel Television|Channel]], [[Scottish TV]] & [[Grampian TV]]'') formed the national [[ITV1]] with regional references only before regional programmes. 
-*[[2005]] - [[2005 Paris suburb riots|Riots begin in Paris]] after the deaths of two [[Muslim]] teenagers 
== Births == == Births ==

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