November 20  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
-* [[284]] - [[Diocletian]] was chosen as [[Roman Emperor]]. 
-* [[762]] - [[Bögü]], Khan of the [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]], conquers [[Lo-Yang]], capital of the [[Chinese Empire]].  
-*[[1194]] - [[Palermo]] is conquered by [[Emperor Henry VI]]. 
-*[[1407]] - A solemn truce between [[John the Fearless]], [[Duke of Burgundy]] and [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans]] is agreed under the auspices of [[John, Duke of Berry]]. Orléans would be assassinated three days later by Burgundy. 
-*[[1490]] - [[Joanot Martorell]]'s book ''[[Tirant lo Blanc]]'' is published for the first time.  
-*[[1695]] - [[Zumbi]], the last of the leaders of [[Palmares (quilombo)|Quilombo dos Palmares]] in early [[Brazil]], was executed. 
-*[[1700]] - [[Great Northern War]]: [[Battle of Narva]] - King [[Charles XII of Sweden]] defeats the army of [[Tsar]] [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] at [[Narva]]. 
-*[[1789]] - [[New Jersey]] becomes the first [[U.S. state]] to ratify the [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]].  
-*[[1820]] - An 80-ton [[sperm whale]] attacks the ''[[Whaleship Essex|Essex]]'' (a [[whaling]] ship from [[Nantucket, Massachusetts]]) 2,000 miles from the western coast of [[South America]] ([[Herman Melville]]'s 1851 novel ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' was in part inspired by this story). 
-*[[1861]] - Secession ordinance filed by Kentucky's Confederate government. 
-*[[1902]] - [[Henri Desgrange]] and fellow journalist [[Géo Lefèvre]] dream up the idea of the [[Tour de France]] over lunch at the Café de Madrid in [[Paris]]. 
-*[[1910]] - [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Francisco I. Madero]] issues the ''Plan de San Luis Potosi'', denouncing President [[Porfirio Díaz]], declaring himself president, and calling for a revolution to overthrow the [[Federal government of the United Mexican States|government of Mexico]], effectively starting the Mexican Revolution.  
-*[[1917]] - [[World War I]]: [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]] begins - [[United Kingdom|British]] forces make early progress in an attack on [[Germany|German]] positions but are later pushed back.  
-* 1917 - [[Ukraine]] is declared a republic. 
-*[[1923]] - [[Rentenmark]] replaces the [[Papiermark]] as the official currency of Germany at the exchange rate of one Rentenmark to One [[1000000000000 (number)|Trillion]] Papiermark 
-*[[1936]] - [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], founder of the [[Falange]] is killed by a republican execution squad. 
-*[[1940]] - [[World War II]]: [[Hungary]], [[Romania]] and [[Slovakia]] join the [[Axis Powers]]. 
-*[[1943]] - [[World War II]]: [[Battle of Tarawa]] ([[Operation Galvanic]]) begins - [[United States Marines]] land on [[Tarawa Atoll]] in the [[Gilbert Islands]] and suffer heavy fire from [[Japan]]ese shore guns and machine guns. 
-*[[1945]] - [[Nuremberg Trials]]: Trials against 24 [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war crime|war criminals]] start at the [[Nuremberg Palace of Justice]].  
-*[[1947]] - [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|The Princess Elizabeth]] marries [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten]] at [[Westminster Abbey]] in [[London]]. 
-*[[1952]] - [[Slánský trials]] - a series of Stalinist and anti-Semitic show trials in Czechoslovakia. 
-*[[1955]] - [[Bo Diddley]] becomes the first [[African American]] performer to appear on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]''. Apparently [[Ed Sullivan|Sullivan]] was infuriated when Diddley sang his self-titled song instead of [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]]'s hit, "[[Sixteen Tons]]".  
-*[[1962]] - [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] ends: In response to the [[Soviet Union]]'s agreeing to remove its missiles from [[Cuba]], U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] ends the quarantine of the [[Caribbean]] nation.  
-*[[1968]] - [[Vietnam War]]: Eleven men comprising a Long Range Patrol team from F Company, 58th Infantry, [[101st Airborne Division|101st Airborne]] are surrounded and nearly wiped out by [[North Vietnamese Army|North Vietnamese army]] regulars from the 4th and 5th Regiment. The seven wounded survivors are rescued after several hours by an impromptu force made of other men from their unit. 
-*[[1969]] - [[Vietnam War]]: The ''[[Cleveland Plain Dealer]]'' publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the [[My Lai massacre]] in [[Vietnam]]. 
-*[[1974]] - The [[United States]] Department of Justice files its final anti-trust suit against [[AT&T]]. This suit later leads to the break up of AT&T and its [[Bell System]]. 
-*[[1975]] - [[Francisco Franco]], [[Caudillo]] of [[Spain]] dies after 36 years in power. He died, symbolically, on the 39th anniversary of the death of [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] 
-*[[1979]] - [[Grand Mosque Seizure]]: About 200 Sunni Muslims revolt in [[Saudi Arabia]] at the site of the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]] during the pilgrimage and take about 6000 hostages in the Kaaba. The Saudi government received help from French special forces to put down the uprising. 
-*[[1983]] - In the U.S., an estimated 100 million people watch the controversial made-for-[[television]] movie ''[[The Day After]]'', depicting a [[nuclear war]] and its effects on the United States.  
-*[[1984]] - [[SETI]] is founded. 
-*[[1985]] - [[Microsoft]] [[Windows 1.0]] is released. 
-*[[1989]] - [[Velvet Revolution]]: The number of protesters assembled in [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]] swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.  
-*[[1992]] - In [[England]], a fire breaks out in the Private Chapel room of [[Windsor Castle]], rages for 15 hours, and seriously damages the northwest side of the building (an investigation found that the fire was ignited after a [[stage lighting instrument|spotlight]] came into contact with a curtain over an extended period). 
-*[[1993]] - [[Savings and Loan scandal]]: The [[United States Senate]] Ethics Committee issues a stern censure of [[California]] senator [[Alan Cranston]] for his "dealings" with savings-and-loan executive [[Charles Keating]]. 
-* 1993 - An Avioimpex Yak 42D crashed near [[Ohrid]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]. The aircraft was on a flight from [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] to [[Skopje]], but had been diverted to [[Ohrid]] due to poor weather conditions at the Skopje airport. On landing the aircraft crashed into Mount Trojani near Ohrid. All eight crew members and 115 of the 116 passengers were killed. 
-*[[1994]] - The [[Angola]]n government and [[UNITA]] rebels sign the [[Lusaka Protocol]] in [[Zambia]], ending 19 years of [[civil war]] (localized fighting resumed the next year).  
-*[[1998]] - A court in [[Taliban]]-controlled [[Afghanistan]] declares accused terrorist [[Osama bin Laden]] "a man without a sin" in regard to the [[1998 U.S. embassy bombings]] in [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]]. 
-* 1998 - The first module of the [[International Space Station]], [[Zarya]], was launched. 
-*[[2001]] - In [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] dedicates the [[United States Department of Justice]] headquarters building as the Robert F. Kennedy Justice Building, honoring the late [[Robert F. Kennedy]] on what would have been his 76th birthday. 
-*[[2003]] - After the [[November 15]] bombings, a second day of the [[2003 Istanbul Bombings]] occurs in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], destroying the Turkish head office of [[HSBC Bank (Turkey)|HSBC Bank AS]] and the [[United Kingdom|British]] consulate. 
==Births== ==Births==

Revision as of 10:03, 18 November 2007

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Notes

   * Robert Altman
   * Henri-Georges Clouzot
   * Leo Tolstoy
   * Giorgio de Chirico
   * Stefan Żeromski
   * Jean Painlevé
   * Meredith Monk
   * Copi
   * Rolando Alphonso
   * John Bauer
         o Carl Mayer


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