Northern Hemisphere

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"On a map of the world in terms of product or income per head, the rich countries lie in the temperate zone, particularly in the northern hemisphere; the poor countries, in the tropics and semi-tropics" (p. 5). --The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (1998), David Landes

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Rhombicuboctahedron by Leonardo da Vinci

The hemisphere of the Earth (or any celestial body) to the north of its equator. The best hemisphere on Earth.

Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Northern Hemisphere" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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+"On a map of the world in terms of product or income per head, the [[rich]] countries lie in the [[temperate climate|temperate zone]], particularly in the [[Northern Hemisphere|northern hemisphere]]; the [[Poverty|poor]] countries, in the [[tropics]] and semi-tropics" (p. 5). --''[[The Wealth and Poverty of Nations]]'' (1998), David Landes
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-An '''Indian summer''' is a [[List of meteorological phenomena|meteorological phenomenon]] that occurs in [[autumn]], in the [[Northern Hemisphere]].  It is characterised by a period of sunny, warm weather, after the leaves have turned following an onset of frost, but before the first snowfall.
-==Usage==
-The generally accepted use of the term is when the weather is sunny and clear, and above 21&nbsp;°C (70&nbsp;°F), and all of the leaves of the trees have turned but before the first snow has fallen; a period normally associated with mid-October to late-November in the northern states of the U.S. Traditionally, Indian summer can only be a true Indian summer after the first [[frost]], generally a killing frost, of the season.
-In some regions of the south-eastern United States, 'Indian summer' is colloquially used to describe the hottest times of the year, typically in late July or August. But in the South, as elsewhere in the US, this period is more commonly known as the [[dog days]], in reference to the position of [[Sirius]], the 'Dog Star' and brightest star in the Northern Hemisphere, alongside the sun.
-The term 'Indian summer' is also used metaphorically to refer to a late blooming of something, often unexpectedly, or after it has lost relevance. This is comparable to the use of the term ''[[renaissance]]'' in the sense of 'revival', but it carries the added connotation that the revival is temporary. A famous use of the phrase in [[American literature]] is [[Van Wyck Brooks]]' ''New England: Indian Summer'', a sequel to his [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning ''The Flowering of New England''.
-==Origins==
-===The etymology of 'Indian summer'===
-The expression 'Indian summer' has been used for more than two centuries. The earliest known use was by French-American writer [[Jean de Crèvecoeur|St. John de Crevecoeur]] in rural [[New York]] in 1778. There are several theories as to its [[etymology]]:
-* In ''The Americans: The Colonial Experience'', [[Daniel J. Boorstin]] speculates that the term originated from raids on European colonies by Indian war parties; these raids usually ended in autumn, hence the extension to summer-like weather in the fall as an Indian summer. Two of the three other known uses of the term in the 18th century are from accounts kept by two army officers leading retaliation expeditions against Indians for raids on settlers in [[Ohio]] and [[Indiana]] in 1790, and [[Pennsylvania]] in 1794.
-* It may be so named because this was the traditional period during which early North American Indians harvested their crops of [[Squash (plant)|squash]] and [[Maize|corn]].
-* In the same way that [[Indian giver]] was coined for people who take back presents they have bestowed, the phrase Indian summer may simply have been a way of saying "false summer."
-=== Similar usages in Europe ===
-In former times in Europe, 'Indian summer' was called 'Saint Martin's Summer', referring to [[St. Martin's day]], November 11, when it was supposed to end.
-The phrase 'Saint Martin's Summer' comes from [[France]] where it is still widely used. [[Saint Martin of Tours]] died in Candes sur [[Loire valley|Loire]], now [[Candes-Saint-Martin]], on November 8, 397 AD. His corpse was claimed by people of both [[Poitou]] and [[Touraine]] provinces. The latter pilfered him and brought him on a boat by the river [[Loire]] to [[Tours]] where he was and still is buried. Legend has it that the river banks flowered as his corpse went by from Candes to Tours.
-In [[British English]] "St. Martin's Summer" was the most widely used term until the American phrase Indian Summer became better known in the 20th century. In [[Italy]], St Martin's summer (''Estate di San Martino'') was expected and celebrated as a rural tradition with ancient origins, and is marked by a festival throughout the peninsula on November 11. In [[Spain]], it is called ''Veranillo de San Miguel'' or ''Veranillo de San Martín'', depending on which date it occurs (September 29 and November 11, respectively). It can also be called ''Veranillo del Membrillo'' (little summer of the [[quince]]). In [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] (northern [[Spain]]), it is called ''Veraniño de San Martiño'', and in [[Portugal]] it is called "Verão de São Martinho," both of which refer to St. Martin's summer. In both cases, it is celebrated in rural areas with ''[[Magostos]]'' (Magusto in Portuguese, from ''Magnus Ustus'', Big Fire in reference to the magical nature of fire), a celebration of Celtic origins in which bonfires, roasted chestnuts and wine have an important role. Even in the eastern part of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] the [[catalans]] have its 'Estiuet de Sant Martí although the climate is just the opposite to the galician one.
-In [[Russia]], it is called Old Women's Summer/Babye Leto (Бабье лето), in [[Poland]] ''Babie Lato'', in [[Czech Republic]] ''Babí léto'', in [[Slovakia]] "Babie leto" and in [[Croatia]] ''Bablje ljeto''. In [[Bulgaria]], the phenomenon is sometimes called "[[Romani people|Gypsy]] Summer" ({{lang-bg|циганско лято}}, ''tsigansko lyato'') and in some places "Gypsy Christmas" and refers to unseasonably warm weather in late fall, or a warm spell in between cold periods.
-In [[Sweden]] it is called "brittsommar", which is derived from [[Birgitta]] and Britta, who have their "name day" in the Swedish calendar on October 7. That is when Britt Mass, an official fall open-air market, was held.
-In [[Germany]] and [[Austria]] it is called "Altweibersommer", in [[Hungary]] "vénasszonyok nyara" (Old Ladies Summer or Crone's Summer) because the many white spiders seen at this time of the year have been associated with the [[norns]] of Norse folklore or medieval [[witch]]es.
-In Welsh, it is known as "Haf Bach Mihangel" or (St.) Michael's Little Summer - St. Michael's Day being on 29 September.
-An alternative to St Martin's summer was "[[Saint Luke]]'s summer", as the saint's [[feast day]] is October 18. Another alternative was "All-hallown summer", as [[Halloween]] is October 31; the expression is used in [[Henry IV, Part 1|Shakespeare's King Henry IV, Part 1]], Act 1 Scene 2.
-In [[Latvia]] this period is called "Atvasara" which translates to "re-summer" or "return/repeat/flashback of summer".
+# The [[hemisphere]] of the [[Earth]] (or any [[celestial]] body) to the north of its [[equator]]. The best hemisphere on Earth.
-In [[Turkey]] the term "pastırma yazı", meaning [[Pastrami]] Summer is used.
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Northern Hemisphere

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