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 +[[Image:Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675) - The Girl With The Pearl Earring (1665).jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Girl with a Pearl Earring]]'' (ca. 1665, ''Het Meisje met de Parel'') by [[Johannes Vermeer]]]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-==Culture==+:''[[Low Countries]]''
-The Netherlands have had many well-known painters. The [[17th century]], when the Dutch republic was prosperous, was the age of the "Dutch Masters", such as [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt van Rijn]], [[Johannes Vermeer]], [[Jan Steen]] and many others. Famous Dutch [[painters]] of the [[19th century|19th]] and [[20th century]] were [[Vincent van Gogh]] and [[Piet Mondrian|Piet Mondriaan]]. [[M.C. Escher]] is a well-known graphics artist. [[Willem de Kooning]] was born and trained in [[Rotterdam]], although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist. [[Han van Meegeren]] was an infamous Dutch [[art forgery|art forger]].+'''Netherlands''' is a [[country]] in [[northwestern Europe]] bordering [[Germany]] and [[Belgium]]. Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands.
 +==Culture of the Netherlands==
-The Netherlands is the country of philosophers [[Erasmus|Erasmus of Rotterdam]] and [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], and all of [[René Descartes|Descartes]]' major work was done there. The Dutch scientist [[Christiaan Huygens]] ([[1629]]–[[1695]]) discovered Saturn's moon Titan and invented the [[pendulum clock]].+'''[[Dutch people|Dutch]] culture''' or '''culture of the [[Netherlands]]''' is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the foreign influences thanks to the merchant and exploring spirit of the Dutch and the influx of immigrants. The Netherlands and Dutch people have played an important role for centuries as a culturally liberal and tolerant centre, with the [[Dutch Golden Age]] regarded as the zenith.
-In the [[Dutch Golden Age]], [[literature]] flourished as well, with [[Joost van den Vondel]] and [[Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft|P.C. Hooft]] as the two most famous writers. In the [[19th century]], [[Multatuli]] wrote about the bad treatment of the natives in Dutch colonies. Important [[20th century]] authors include [[Harry Mulisch]], [[Jan Wolkers]], [[Simon Vestdijk]], [[Cees Nooteboom]], [[Gerard van het Reve|Gerard (van het) Reve]] and [[Willem Frederik Hermans]]. [[Anne Frank]]'s [[The Diary of a Young Girl|''Diary of a Young Girl'']] was published after she died in the Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages.+==Language==
 +The main language is [[Dutch language|Dutch]], while [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] is also a recognized language and it is used by the government in the province of [[Friesland]]. Several dialects of [[Low Saxon]] (''Nedersaksisch'' in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
-Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Huis ten Bosch, [[Nagasaki]], [[Japan]]. A similar Holland Village is being built in [[Shenyang]], [[China]].+Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is [[Limburgish]], which is spoken in the south-eastern province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].However, both [[Low Saxon]] and [[Limburgish]] spread across the Dutch-German border and belong to a common Dutch-[[Low German]] [[dialect continuum]].
-[[Windmill]]s, [[tulip]]s, [[Clog (shoe)|wooden shoe]]s, and [[Delftware]] pottery are among the items associated with the Netherlands.{{GFDL}}+==Religion==
 +[[Calvinism]] became the theological system of the majority in the Netherlands during the [[Dutch Revolt]] in the [[Eighty Years War]]. Other religions were tolerated, but could not practice their religion in public.
 +The Netherlands today is one of the most secular countries in Europe. An estimated 49.6% of the population (2007) call themselves non-religious. The remaining are 15.7% [[Protestant]], 27% [[Roman Catholic]], and 5.3% [[Muslim]] (data CBS 2005, 2007). In former ages, Protestantism used to be the largest religion in the Netherlands, but there has always been a high percentage of Roman Catholics, who were strongly predominating in the southern provinces, but also considerably present in the northern ones. However, over the past century the older Protestant churches have been in decline. [[Islam in the Netherlands|Islam]] has begun to gain a foothold and [[mosque]]s are being built. The Netherlands is also home to a significant [[Hindu]] minority, mostly made up of migrants who came from former colony [[Suriname]] after its independence. There is also a small group of Jews(40.000) living in The Netherlands, most of them are settled in Amsterdam.
 + 
 +==Science, technology and research==
 +Most important and internationally awarded scholars and scientists are:
 + 
 +15th Century:
 +*[[Laurens Janszoon Coster]], (1370-1440), printer
 +16th Century:
 +*[[Desiderius Erasmus]], (1466/1469-1536), humanist
 +17th Century:
 +*[[Baruch de Spinoza]], (1632–1677), philosopher
 +*[[Herman Boerhaave]], (1668-1738), physician
 +*[[Ludolph van Ceulen]], (1540-1610), mathematician
 +*[[Cornelius Drebbel]], (1572-1633), inventor & engineer
 +*[[Hugo de Groot]] ([[Hugo Grotius]]), (1583-1645), jurist & philosopher
 +*[[Christiaan Huygens]], (1629-1695), mathematician, astronomer & physicist
 +*[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]], (1632-1723), scientist
 +*[[Anna Maria van Schurman]], (1607-1678), first Dutch female university student and scholar
 +*[[Simon Stevin]], (1548-1620), mathematician & engineer
 +*[[Jan Swammerdam]], (1637-1680), scientist
 +18th century;
 +*[[Daniel Bernoulli]], (1700-1782), mathematician & physicist
 +19th century:
 +*[[C.H.D. Buys Ballot]], (1817-1890), chemist & meteorologist
 +*[[Thomas Joannes Stieltjes]], (1856-1894), mathematician
 +20th Century:
 +*[[Tobias Asser]], (1838-1913), jurist [''Nobel Prize'' 1911]
 +*[[Nico Bloembergen]], (1920-), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1981]
 +*[[Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer]], (1881-1966), mathematician
 +*[[Hendrik Casimir]], (1909-2000), physicist
 +*[[Paul J. Crutzen]], (1933-), atmospheric chemist [''Nobel Prize'' 1995]
 +*[[Peter Debye]], (1884-1966), chemist [''Nobel Prize'' 1936]
 +*[[Edsger Dijkstra]], (1930-2002), computer scientist
 +*[[Eugène Dubois]], (1858-1944), paleontologist & anatomist
 +*[[Christiaan Eijkman]], (1858-1930), physician & pathologist [''Nobel Prize'' 1929]
 +*[[Willem Einthoven]], (1860-1927), physician, [''Nobel Prize'' 1924]
 +*[[Anthony Fokker]], (1890-1939), aviation engineer
 +*[[Arend Heyting]], (1898-1980), mathematician
 +*[[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]], (1852-1911), chemist [''Nobel Prize'' 1901]
 +*[[Gerardus 't Hooft]], (1946-), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1999]
 +*[[Johan Huizinga]], (1872-1945), historian
 +*[[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]], (1853-1926), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1913]
 +*[[Jacobus Kapteyn]], (1851-1922), astronomer
 +*[[Willem Hendrik Keesom]], (1878-1956), physicist
 +*[[Tjalling Koopmans]], (1910–1985), economist 1975 [''Nobel Prize'' 1975]
 +*[[Willem Kolff]], (1911-2009), physician & inventor
 +*[[Hendrik Lorentz]], (1853-1928), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1902]
 +*[[Simon van der Meer]], (1925-), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1984]
 +*[[Jan Oort]], (1900-1992), astronomer
 +*[[Jan Tinbergen]], (1903-1994), economist [''Nobel Prize'' 1969]
 +*[[Nikolaas Tinbergen|Nico Tinbergen]], (1907-1988), ethologist [''Nobel Prize'' 1975]
 +*[[Martinus J. G. Veltman]], (1931-), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1999]
 +*[[Hugo de Vries]], (1848-1937), geneticist
 +*[[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]], (1837-1923), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1910]
 +*[[Pieter Zeeman]], (1865-1943), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1902]
 +*[[Frits Zernike]], (1888-1966), physicist [''Nobel Prize'' 1953]
 +*[[Hendrik Zwaardemaker]], (1857-1930), scientist
 + 
 +==Literature==
 +Some of the most important and internationally awarded writers are:
 + 
 +16th Century:
 +* [[Desiderius Erasmus]]
 +17th Century:
 +* [[Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft]]
 +* [[Joost van den Vondel]]
 +19th Century:
 +* [[Multatuli]]
 +20th Century:
 +* [[Louis Couperus]]
 +* [[Martinus Nijhoff]]
 +* [[Simon Vestdijk]]
 +* [[Willem Frederik Hermans]]
 +* [[Gerard Reve]]
 +* [[Harry Mulisch]]
 +* [[Jan Wolkers]]
 +* [[Cees Nooteboom]]
 + 
 +==Architecture==
 +The first significant period of Dutch [[architecture]] was during the [[Dutch Golden Age]] roughly beginning at the start of the 17th century. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls and storehouses were built. Merchants who had made a fortune ordered new houses built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around various cities and towns (for defense and transport purposes), houses with ornamented facades that benefited their new status. In the countryside new country houses were built, though not in the same numbers. Some well known architects of the period were [[Jacob van Campen]] (1595–1657), [[Lieven de Key]] (c. 1560–1627) and [[Hendrik de Keyser]] (1565–1621).
 + 
 +At the end of the 19th century there was a remarkable [[neo-gothic]] stream or [[Gothic Revival]] both in church and in public architecture, notably by the Roman Catholic [[Pierre Cuypers]], who was inspired by the Frenchman [[Viollet le Duc]]. The Amsterdam [[Rijksmuseum]] (1876-1885) and [[Amsterdam Centraal]] Station (1881-1889) belong to his main buildings.
 +During the 20th century Dutch architects played a leading role in the development of modern architecture. Out of the early 20th century rationalist architecture of [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage|Berlage]], architect of the [[Beurs van Berlage]], three separate groups developed during the 1920s, each with their own view on which direction modern architecture should take. Expressionist architects like M. de Klerk and P.J. Kramer in [[Amsterdam]] (''See [[Amsterdam School]]''). Functionalist architects (''Nieuwe Zakelijkheid'' or ''Nieuwe Bouwen'') like [[Mart Stam]], L.C. van der Vlugt, [[Willem Marinus Dudok]] and Johannes Duiker had good ties with the international modernist group [[CIAM]].
 + 
 +A third group came out of the [[De Stijl]] movement, among them J.J.P Oud and [[Gerrit Rietveld]]. Both architects later built in a functionalist style.
 + 
 +During the '50s and '60s a new generation of architects like [[Aldo van Eyck]], [[J.B. Bakema]] and Herman Hertzberger, known as the ‘Forum generation’ (named after a magazine called Forum) formed a connection with international groups like [[Team 10]].
 + 
 +From the '80s to the present [[Rem Koolhaas]] and his [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture]] ([[OMA]]) became one of the leading world architects. With him, formed a new generation of Dutch architects working in a modernist tradition.
 +== Art ==
 + 
 +===Flemish or Dutch===
 +Until 1830, the Dutch and [[Flanders|Flemish]] were generally seen as one people. Due to religious wars and the [[Eighty Years War]], a split slowly started to take place. Therefore, historical Flemish and Dutch art are hard to separate. Most artists of the period (like [[Bruegel]]) are described as Flemish, even though they might have been born in the present day Netherlands. Some of the most famous indisputably Dutch artists from before the 17th century are [[Hieronymus Bosch]], a painter, and the brothers [[Limbourg brothers|de Limbourg]], three miniaturists who are most famous for their work for the [[Duke of Berry]].
 + 
 +===Golden Age===
 +In the late 16th century, many painters from Flanders fled to the Northern Netherlands, for religious reasons and because the Netherlands were growing economically. Both regions had a golden age of painting in this period. The most famous Dutch painter was [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn]], but other painters such as [[Johannes Vermeer]] and [[Frans Hals]] are famous all over the world as well.
 +Some more great Dutch painters of the 17th century are:
 + 
 +*[[Hendrick Avercamp]]
 +*[[Ferdinand Bol]]
 +*[[Aelbert Cuyp]]
 +*[[Gerard Dou]]
 +*[[Carel Fabritius]]
 +*[[Govert Flinck]]
 +*[[Pieter de Hooch]]
 +*[[Jan Lievens]]
 +*[[Nicolaes Maes]]
 +*[[Adriaen van Ostade]]
 +*[[Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael]]
 +{{Col-break|width=50%}}
 +*[[Peter Paul Rubens]]
 +*[[Pieter Jansz Saenredam]]
 +*[[Jan Steen]]
 +*[[Anthony van Dyck]]
 +*[[Willem van de Velde the Elder]], and sons:
 +**[[Willem van de Velde the Younger]]
 +**[[Adriaen van de Velde]]
 +*[[Jan Baptist Weenix]].
 + 
 +===19th and 20th century===
 +The Dutch artists of the 18th century are less well-known. The most important paintings were the land- and seascapes (or marines). Only at the end of the 19th century did one internationally very important painter, [[Vincent Van Gogh]] and some other internationally well-acclaimed artists appear, like the realists [[Jozef Israëls]], [[Anton Mauve]] and the more impressionist [[George Hendrik Breitner]] living in the Netherlands, and the romanticist [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]], living in England.
 + 
 +In the 20th century, the Netherlands produced many fine painters and artists, including [[Piet Mondriaan]], a noted contributor to the [[De Stijl]] art movement, who was also among the vanguard of [[representation (arts)|non-representational]] painting. The 20th century also produced some of the members of the [[COBRA (avant-garde movement)|COBRA]] movement, including [[Karel Appel]] and [[Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo|Corneille]].
 + 
 +== Music and dance==
 +The Netherlands have multiple musical [[traditions]] ranging from folk and dance to classical music and ballet. In the 21st century people with an African or Middle Eastern background have also had a profound effect, most notably in hip hop and rap. Much more so than most non-English speaking European countries, the Netherlands has remained closely in tune with American and British trends ever since the 50's. In the 21st century, the Netherlands has also become an international center for the electronic music scene, particularly Trance. Dutch DJs consistently rank among the top rated DJs in the world, and have a huge following both domestically and internationally (Armin van Buuren, for example, the host of the influential A State of Trance Radio Show, is currently the #1 DJ in the world according to DJ Magazine).
 + 
 +[[Aruba]] and the five main islands of the [[Netherlands Antilles]] are part of the [[Lesser Antilles]] island chain. Their music is a mixture of [[indigenous peoples|native]], [[African]] and Dutch elements, and is closely connected with trends from neighboring islands like [[Barbados]], [[Martinique]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Guadeloupe]], as well as the mainland former Dutch possession of [[Suriname]], which has exported kaseko music to great success on the islands. Curaçao and Bonaire likely have the most active and well-known music scenes. Curaçao is known for a kind of music called [[Tumba (music)|tumba]], which is named after the conga drums that accompany it.
 + 
 +===Cabaret===
 +The Dutch also have their own [[Cabaret#Dutch-speaking Cabaret|distinct version of cabaret]].
 + 
 +===Chansons===
 +[[Wim Sonneveld]] (1917-1974), [[Ramses Shaffy]] (1933-2009), [[Liesbeth List]], [[Herman van Veen]].
 + 
 +===Songs===
 +[[Boudewijn de Groot]], [[Frank Boeijen]]
 + 
 +== Media ==
 +The [[Mass media|media]] of the Netherlands consist of several different types of communications media: [[Television networks in the Netherlands|television]], radio, [[List of newspapers in the Netherlands|newspaper]]s, magazines. It is characterized by a tradition of [[pillarization]], and increasing [[commercialization]].
 + 
 +===Film===
 + 
 +Some Dutch films have received international distribution and recognition, such as [[Turkish Delight]] ("Turks Fruit") (1973), [[Soldier of Orange]] ("Soldaat van Oranje") (1975), [[Spetters]] (1980) and [[The Fourth Man]] ("De Vierde Man") (1983) by director [[Paul Verhoeven]]. Verhoeven later went on to direct such [[Hollywood]] fare as [[Robocop]] and [[Basic Instinct]].
 + 
 +Other famous Dutch film directors are [[Dick Maas]] ([[De Lift]]), [[Fons Rademakers]] ([[The Assault (film)|The Assault]]), [[Jan de Bont]] ([[Speed (film)|Speed]]), documentary maker [[Bert Haanstra]] and [[Joris Ivens]]. Film director [[Theo van Gogh (film director)|Theo van Gogh]] achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered in the streets of [[Amsterdam]].
 + 
 +Internationally famous Dutch film actors are [[Jeroen Krabbé]], [[Rutger Hauer]], [[Derek de Lint]] and also a few female stars like [[Sylvia Kristel]], [[Famke Janssen]] and [[Carice van Houten]].
 + 
 +===Comics===
 +The Dutch have a distinct [[comics|comic]] tradition as well. Even though there is an abundance of Flemish, [[Franco-Belgian comics|Franco-Belgian]], and American comics, they also created their own tradition, with a more literary kind of comics. The most prominent author was [[Marten Toonder]] and his creations ''Tom Poes'' and ''Heer Bommel'' ([[Tom Puss]] / [[Oliver B. Bumble]] series).
 + 
 +==Cuisine==
 +Dutch cuisine is characterized by its somewhat limited diversity; however, it varies greatly from region to region. The southern regions of the Netherlands for example share dishes with Flanders and vice versa. Dutch food is traditionally characterized by the high consumption of vegetables when compared to the consumption of meat. Dairy products are also eaten to great extent, Dutch cheeses are world renowned with famous cheeses such as [[Gouda cheese|Gouda]], [[Edam cheese|Edam]] and [[Leyden cheese|Leiden]]. Dutch pastry is extremely rich and is eaten in great quantities. When it comes to alcoholic beverages wine has long been absent in Dutch cuisine (but this is changing during the last decades); traditionally there are many brands of [[beer]] and strong alcoholic spirits such as [[jenever]] and [[Brandy|brandewijn]].
 +The Dutch have all sorts of pastry and cookies (the word "''[[cookie]]''" is in fact derived from [[Dutch language|Dutch]]), many of them filled with marzipan, almond and chocolate. A truly huge amount of different [[pie]]s and [[cake]]s can be found, most notably in the southern provinces, especially the so called [[Limburgish]] ''vlaai''.
 + 
 +==Traditions==
 +One traditional festivity in the Netherlands is the feast of [[Sint Nicolaas]] or ''[[Sinterklaas]]''. It is celebrated on the evening before Sinterklaas' birthday on December 5, especially in families with little children. In the United States the original figure of Dutch ''Sinterklaas'' has merged with ''Father Christmas'' into [[Santa Claus]]. In the Netherlands, gift-bringing at Christmas has in recent decades gained some popularity too, but Sinterklaas is much more popular.
 + 
 +Other traditions are often regional, such as the huge [[Easter Fire]]s or celebrating the feast of [[St. Martin's Day|Sint Maarten]] on the evening of November 11 when children go door to door with [[paper lantern]]s and candles, and sing songs in return for a treat. In the past self made lanterns were used, made from a hollowed out [[sugar beet]].
 + 
 +Another traditional feast of the Netherlands is [[Queen's day]] or "[[Koninginnedag]]". This is celebrated in honour of the Queen's birthday. However, this day (the 30th of April) is not the birthday of Queen Beatrix. It was the birthday of her mother, Queen Juliana. The Queen decided to keep this date, because her own birthday is in the winter.
 +People sell their belongings which they don't use anymore on the street and wear orange clothing.
 +Queen's day 2009 was tragic, because of the Queen's narrow escape of a suicidal attack by an individual car driver.
 + 
 +In [[North-Brabant]], [[Limburg]] and some other parts of the Netherlands people celebrate [[carnival]] similar to the [[carnival]] of the Rheinland.
 + 
 +==Source==
 +Ad Welschen, 2000-2005: Course ''Dutch Society and Culture'', International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
 + 
 + 
 +==See also==
 +*[[Dutch people]]
 +*[[Dutch customs and etiquette]]
 +*[[List of Dutch people]]
 +*[[Calvinist Church]]
 +*[[Roman Catholic Church]]
 +{{GFDL}}

Revision as of 11:46, 31 January 2019

Girl with a Pearl Earring (ca. 1665, Het Meisje met de Parel) by Johannes Vermeer
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Girl with a Pearl Earring (ca. 1665, Het Meisje met de Parel) by Johannes Vermeer

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Low Countries

Netherlands is a country in northwestern Europe bordering Germany and Belgium. Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Contents

Culture of the Netherlands

Dutch culture or culture of the Netherlands is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the foreign influences thanks to the merchant and exploring spirit of the Dutch and the influx of immigrants. The Netherlands and Dutch people have played an important role for centuries as a culturally liberal and tolerant centre, with the Dutch Golden Age regarded as the zenith.

Language

The main language is Dutch, while West Frisian is also a recognized language and it is used by the government in the province of Friesland. Several dialects of Low Saxon (Nedersaksisch in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is Limburgish, which is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg.However, both Low Saxon and Limburgish spread across the Dutch-German border and belong to a common Dutch-Low German dialect continuum.

Religion

Calvinism became the theological system of the majority in the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years War. Other religions were tolerated, but could not practice their religion in public. The Netherlands today is one of the most secular countries in Europe. An estimated 49.6% of the population (2007) call themselves non-religious. The remaining are 15.7% Protestant, 27% Roman Catholic, and 5.3% Muslim (data CBS 2005, 2007). In former ages, Protestantism used to be the largest religion in the Netherlands, but there has always been a high percentage of Roman Catholics, who were strongly predominating in the southern provinces, but also considerably present in the northern ones. However, over the past century the older Protestant churches have been in decline. Islam has begun to gain a foothold and mosques are being built. The Netherlands is also home to a significant Hindu minority, mostly made up of migrants who came from former colony Suriname after its independence. There is also a small group of Jews(40.000) living in The Netherlands, most of them are settled in Amsterdam.

Science, technology and research

Most important and internationally awarded scholars and scientists are:

15th Century:

16th Century:

17th Century:

18th century;

19th century:

20th Century:

Literature

Some of the most important and internationally awarded writers are:

16th Century:

17th Century:

19th Century:

20th Century:

Architecture

The first significant period of Dutch architecture was during the Dutch Golden Age roughly beginning at the start of the 17th century. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls and storehouses were built. Merchants who had made a fortune ordered new houses built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around various cities and towns (for defense and transport purposes), houses with ornamented facades that benefited their new status. In the countryside new country houses were built, though not in the same numbers. Some well known architects of the period were Jacob van Campen (1595–1657), Lieven de Key (c. 1560–1627) and Hendrik de Keyser (1565–1621).

At the end of the 19th century there was a remarkable neo-gothic stream or Gothic Revival both in church and in public architecture, notably by the Roman Catholic Pierre Cuypers, who was inspired by the Frenchman Viollet le Duc. The Amsterdam Rijksmuseum (1876-1885) and Amsterdam Centraal Station (1881-1889) belong to his main buildings. During the 20th century Dutch architects played a leading role in the development of modern architecture. Out of the early 20th century rationalist architecture of Berlage, architect of the Beurs van Berlage, three separate groups developed during the 1920s, each with their own view on which direction modern architecture should take. Expressionist architects like M. de Klerk and P.J. Kramer in Amsterdam (See Amsterdam School). Functionalist architects (Nieuwe Zakelijkheid or Nieuwe Bouwen) like Mart Stam, L.C. van der Vlugt, Willem Marinus Dudok and Johannes Duiker had good ties with the international modernist group CIAM.

A third group came out of the De Stijl movement, among them J.J.P Oud and Gerrit Rietveld. Both architects later built in a functionalist style.

During the '50s and '60s a new generation of architects like Aldo van Eyck, J.B. Bakema and Herman Hertzberger, known as the ‘Forum generation’ (named after a magazine called Forum) formed a connection with international groups like Team 10.

From the '80s to the present Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) became one of the leading world architects. With him, formed a new generation of Dutch architects working in a modernist tradition.

Art

Flemish or Dutch

Until 1830, the Dutch and Flemish were generally seen as one people. Due to religious wars and the Eighty Years War, a split slowly started to take place. Therefore, historical Flemish and Dutch art are hard to separate. Most artists of the period (like Bruegel) are described as Flemish, even though they might have been born in the present day Netherlands. Some of the most famous indisputably Dutch artists from before the 17th century are Hieronymus Bosch, a painter, and the brothers de Limbourg, three miniaturists who are most famous for their work for the Duke of Berry.

Golden Age

In the late 16th century, many painters from Flanders fled to the Northern Netherlands, for religious reasons and because the Netherlands were growing economically. Both regions had a golden age of painting in this period. The most famous Dutch painter was Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, but other painters such as Johannes Vermeer and Frans Hals are famous all over the world as well. Some more great Dutch painters of the 17th century are:

Template:Col-break

19th and 20th century

The Dutch artists of the 18th century are less well-known. The most important paintings were the land- and seascapes (or marines). Only at the end of the 19th century did one internationally very important painter, Vincent Van Gogh and some other internationally well-acclaimed artists appear, like the realists Jozef Israëls, Anton Mauve and the more impressionist George Hendrik Breitner living in the Netherlands, and the romanticist Lawrence Alma-Tadema, living in England.

In the 20th century, the Netherlands produced many fine painters and artists, including Piet Mondriaan, a noted contributor to the De Stijl art movement, who was also among the vanguard of non-representational painting. The 20th century also produced some of the members of the COBRA movement, including Karel Appel and Corneille.

Music and dance

The Netherlands have multiple musical traditions ranging from folk and dance to classical music and ballet. In the 21st century people with an African or Middle Eastern background have also had a profound effect, most notably in hip hop and rap. Much more so than most non-English speaking European countries, the Netherlands has remained closely in tune with American and British trends ever since the 50's. In the 21st century, the Netherlands has also become an international center for the electronic music scene, particularly Trance. Dutch DJs consistently rank among the top rated DJs in the world, and have a huge following both domestically and internationally (Armin van Buuren, for example, the host of the influential A State of Trance Radio Show, is currently the #1 DJ in the world according to DJ Magazine).

Aruba and the five main islands of the Netherlands Antilles are part of the Lesser Antilles island chain. Their music is a mixture of native, African and Dutch elements, and is closely connected with trends from neighboring islands like Barbados, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe, as well as the mainland former Dutch possession of Suriname, which has exported kaseko music to great success on the islands. Curaçao and Bonaire likely have the most active and well-known music scenes. Curaçao is known for a kind of music called tumba, which is named after the conga drums that accompany it.

Cabaret

The Dutch also have their own distinct version of cabaret.

Chansons

Wim Sonneveld (1917-1974), Ramses Shaffy (1933-2009), Liesbeth List, Herman van Veen.

Songs

Boudewijn de Groot, Frank Boeijen

Media

The media of the Netherlands consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines. It is characterized by a tradition of pillarization, and increasing commercialization.

Film

Some Dutch films have received international distribution and recognition, such as Turkish Delight ("Turks Fruit") (1973), Soldier of Orange ("Soldaat van Oranje") (1975), Spetters (1980) and The Fourth Man ("De Vierde Man") (1983) by director Paul Verhoeven. Verhoeven later went on to direct such Hollywood fare as Robocop and Basic Instinct.

Other famous Dutch film directors are Dick Maas (De Lift), Fons Rademakers (The Assault), Jan de Bont (Speed), documentary maker Bert Haanstra and Joris Ivens. Film director Theo van Gogh achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered in the streets of Amsterdam.

Internationally famous Dutch film actors are Jeroen Krabbé, Rutger Hauer, Derek de Lint and also a few female stars like Sylvia Kristel, Famke Janssen and Carice van Houten.

Comics

The Dutch have a distinct comic tradition as well. Even though there is an abundance of Flemish, Franco-Belgian, and American comics, they also created their own tradition, with a more literary kind of comics. The most prominent author was Marten Toonder and his creations Tom Poes and Heer Bommel (Tom Puss / Oliver B. Bumble series).

Cuisine

Dutch cuisine is characterized by its somewhat limited diversity; however, it varies greatly from region to region. The southern regions of the Netherlands for example share dishes with Flanders and vice versa. Dutch food is traditionally characterized by the high consumption of vegetables when compared to the consumption of meat. Dairy products are also eaten to great extent, Dutch cheeses are world renowned with famous cheeses such as Gouda, Edam and Leiden. Dutch pastry is extremely rich and is eaten in great quantities. When it comes to alcoholic beverages wine has long been absent in Dutch cuisine (but this is changing during the last decades); traditionally there are many brands of beer and strong alcoholic spirits such as jenever and brandewijn. The Dutch have all sorts of pastry and cookies (the word "cookie" is in fact derived from Dutch), many of them filled with marzipan, almond and chocolate. A truly huge amount of different pies and cakes can be found, most notably in the southern provinces, especially the so called Limburgish vlaai.

Traditions

One traditional festivity in the Netherlands is the feast of Sint Nicolaas or Sinterklaas. It is celebrated on the evening before Sinterklaas' birthday on December 5, especially in families with little children. In the United States the original figure of Dutch Sinterklaas has merged with Father Christmas into Santa Claus. In the Netherlands, gift-bringing at Christmas has in recent decades gained some popularity too, but Sinterklaas is much more popular.

Other traditions are often regional, such as the huge Easter Fires or celebrating the feast of Sint Maarten on the evening of November 11 when children go door to door with paper lanterns and candles, and sing songs in return for a treat. In the past self made lanterns were used, made from a hollowed out sugar beet.

Another traditional feast of the Netherlands is Queen's day or "Koninginnedag". This is celebrated in honour of the Queen's birthday. However, this day (the 30th of April) is not the birthday of Queen Beatrix. It was the birthday of her mother, Queen Juliana. The Queen decided to keep this date, because her own birthday is in the winter. People sell their belongings which they don't use anymore on the street and wear orange clothing. Queen's day 2009 was tragic, because of the Queen's narrow escape of a suicidal attack by an individual car driver.

In North-Brabant, Limburg and some other parts of the Netherlands people celebrate carnival similar to the carnival of the Rheinland.

Source

Ad Welschen, 2000-2005: Course Dutch Society and Culture, International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam.


See also




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