Nazism
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| - | [[Image:Degenerate art exhibition in Nazi Germany.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is part of the [[Nazism]] portal. | + | [[Image:A Child at Gunpoint of the Stroop Report.jpg |thumb|right|200px|This page '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is part of the [[Nazism]] portal.<br><Small>Illustration: ''[[A Child at Gunpoint]]'' ([[1943]]) from the ''[[Stroop Report]]''</small>]] |
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| + | "Not so long ago, [[Nazism]] transformed the whole of Europe into a genuine [[colony]]. The governments various European nations demanded [[Reparation (legal)|reparation]]s restitution in money and kind for their stolen treasures. As a result, [[cultural artifact]]s, paintings, sculptures, and stained-glass windows were returned to their owners. In the aftermath of war the Europeans were adamant about one thing: "Germany pay.""--''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961) by Frantz Fanon | ||
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| + | [[Image:Degenerate art exhibition in Nazi Germany.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is part of the [[censorship]] portal. | ||
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| <Small>Illustration: Cover of the catalogue of the Nazi "[[Degenerate Art Exhibition]]" (1937). The exhibition was held to defame modern and Jewish artists. On the cover is ''[[Der Neue Mensch]]'' sculpture by [[Otto Freundlich]].</Small>]] | <Small>Illustration: Cover of the catalogue of the Nazi "[[Degenerate Art Exhibition]]" (1937). The exhibition was held to defame modern and Jewish artists. On the cover is ''[[Der Neue Mensch]]'' sculpture by [[Otto Freundlich]].</Small>]] | ||
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| - | '''Nazism''', or '''National Socialism''' ({{lang-de|Nationalsozialismus}}) in full, was the [[ideology]] of the [[Nazi Party]] in [[Germany]] and related movements outside Germany. It is a variety of [[fascism]] that incorporates [[Scientific racism|biological racism]] and [[antisemitism]]. Nazism developed in Germany from the influence of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Racism|racist]] ''[[Völkisch movement|Völkisch]]'' [[German nationalism|German nationalist]] movement and the [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] ''[[Freikorps#Post-World War I|Freikorps]]'' [[paramilitary]] culture which fought against the [[Communism|communists]] in post-[[World War I]] Germany. The German Nazi Party and its affiliates in Germanic states supported [[pan-Germanicism]]. It was designed to draw workers away from communism and into ''völkisch'' nationalism. Major elements of Nazism have been described as [[Far-right politics|far-right]], such as allowing domination of society by people deemed racially superior, while purging society of people declared inferior, who were said to be a threat to national survival. | + | '''Nazism''', or '''National Socialism''' (''Nationalsozialismus'') in full, was the [[ideology]] of the [[Nazi Party]] in [[Germany]] and related movements outside Germany. It is a variety of [[fascism]] that incorporates [[Scientific racism|biological racism]] and [[antisemitism]]. Nazism developed in Germany from the influence of the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Racism|racist]] ''[[Völkisch movement|Völkisch]]'' [[German nationalism|German nationalist]] movement and the [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] ''[[Freikorps#Post-World War I|Freikorps]]'' [[paramilitary]] culture which fought against the [[Communism|communists]] in post-[[World War I]] Germany. The German Nazi Party and its affiliates in Germanic states supported [[pan-Germanicism]]. It was designed to draw workers away from communism and into ''völkisch'' nationalism. Major elements of Nazism have been described as [[Far-right politics|far-right]], such as allowing domination of society by people deemed racially superior, while purging society of people declared inferior, who were said to be a threat to national survival. |
| Nazism claimed that an [[Aryan race|Aryan]] [[master race]] was superior to all other [[Race (classification of humans)|races]]. To maintain what it regarded as the purity and strength of the Aryan race, Nazis sought to [[Genocide|exterminate]] [[Jews]] and [[Romani people|Romani]], and the [[Physical disability|physically]] and [[Developmental disability|mentally disabled]]. Other groups deemed "[[Degeneration|degenerate]]" or "[[Asociality|asocial]]" received [[Social exclusion|exclusionary treatment]], including [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]], [[Black people|blacks]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and political opponents. The Nazis supported territorial [[expansionism]] to gain ''[[Lebensraum]]'' ("living space") as being a [[Natural law|law of nature]] for all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races growing in population to displace peoples of inferior races; especially people of a superior race facing [[overpopulation]] in their given territories. Nazism rejected [[democracy]] because it believed Jews used it for their self-preservation. | Nazism claimed that an [[Aryan race|Aryan]] [[master race]] was superior to all other [[Race (classification of humans)|races]]. To maintain what it regarded as the purity and strength of the Aryan race, Nazis sought to [[Genocide|exterminate]] [[Jews]] and [[Romani people|Romani]], and the [[Physical disability|physically]] and [[Developmental disability|mentally disabled]]. Other groups deemed "[[Degeneration|degenerate]]" or "[[Asociality|asocial]]" received [[Social exclusion|exclusionary treatment]], including [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]], [[Black people|blacks]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and political opponents. The Nazis supported territorial [[expansionism]] to gain ''[[Lebensraum]]'' ("living space") as being a [[Natural law|law of nature]] for all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races growing in population to displace peoples of inferior races; especially people of a superior race facing [[overpopulation]] in their given territories. Nazism rejected [[democracy]] because it believed Jews used it for their self-preservation. | ||
| - | The German Nazi ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] had objected to the party's previous leader's decision to use the word "[[Socialism|Socialist]]" in its name, as Hitler at the time preferred to use "Social Revolutionary". Upon taking over the leadership, Hitler kept the term but defined socialism as being based upon a commitment of an individual to a community.<ref name="Konrad Heiden 2010. p. 85"/> Hitler did not want the ideology's socialism to be conflated with [[Socialism (Marxism)|Marxian socialism]]. He claimed that true socialism does not repudiate [[private property]] unlike the claims of [[Marxism]], and stated that the "Marxians have stolen the term and confused its meaning" and "Communism is not socialism. Marxism is not socialism."<ref name="guardian"/> Nazism denounced both [[capitalism]] and communism for being associated with Jewish [[materialism]].<ref>Cyprian P. Blamires. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2006. P. 130.</ref> Nazism favoured private property, freedom of contract, and promoted the creation of a national [[Social solidarity|solidarity]] that would transcend class differences.<ref name="autogenerated11"/><ref name="political"/> Like other fascist movements, Nazism supported the outlawing of [[Strike action|strikes]] by [[employee]]s and [[Lockout (industry)|lockouts]] by [[employer]]s, because these were regarded as a threat to national unity.<ref name="university3"/> Instead, the state controlled and approved wage and salary levels.<ref name="university3"/> | + | The German Nazi ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] had objected to the party's previous leader's decision to use the word "[[Socialism|Socialist]]" in its name, as Hitler at the time preferred to use "Social Revolutionary". Upon taking over the leadership, Hitler kept the term but defined socialism as being based upon a commitment of an individual to a community. Hitler did not want the ideology's socialism to be conflated with [[Socialism (Marxism)|Marxian socialism]]. He claimed that true socialism does not repudiate [[private property]] unlike the claims of [[Marxism]], and stated that the "Marxians have stolen the term and confused its meaning" and "Communism is not socialism. Marxism is not socialism." Nazism denounced both [[capitalism]] and communism for being associated with Jewish [[materialism]]. Nazism favoured private property, freedom of contract, and promoted the creation of a national [[Social solidarity|solidarity]] that would transcend class differences. Like other fascist movements, Nazism supported the outlawing of [[Strike action|strikes]] by [[employee]]s and [[Lockout (industry)|lockouts]] by [[employer]]s, because these were regarded as a threat to national unity. Instead, the state controlled and approved wage and salary levels. |
| - | ==Etymology== | ||
| - | [[File:Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg|thumb|180px|Flag of the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party]] (alternate national [[flag of Germany]], 1933-35)]] | ||
| - | The full name of Adolf Hitler's party was ''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' (National Socialist German Workers' Party). The shorthand ''Nazi'' was formed from the first two syllables of the German pronunciation of the word "national" ({{IPA-de|na-tsi̯-oˈ-naːl|IPA}}).<ref>{{Citation |first=Jean-Denis |last=Lepage |title=Hitler Youth, 1922-1945: An Illustrated History |publisher=McFarland |year=2009 |page=9}}</ref> | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Position in the political spectrum== | ||
| - | [[File:WWII, Europe, Germany, "Nazi Hierarchy, Hitler, Goering, Goebbels, Hess", The Desperate Years p143 - NARA - 196509.tif|thumb|''Führer'' [[Adolf Hitler]] (first from left side), [[Hermann Göring]] (second from left side), Minister of Propaganda [[Joseph Goebbels]] (third from left side), [[Rudolf Hess]] (fourth from left side).]] | ||
| - | [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-02134, Bad Harzburg, Gründung der Harzburger Front.jpg|thumb|Nazis alongside members of the far-right [[reactionary]] and [[Monarchism|monarchist]] [[German National People's Party]] (DNVP), during the brief Nazi-DNVP alliance in the [[Harzburg Front]] from 1931 to 1932.]] | ||
| - | |||
| - | A majority of scholars identify Nazism in practice as a form of [[far-right politics]].<ref name="Fritzsche, Peter 1998"/> Far-right themes in Nazism include the argument that superior people have a right to dominate over other people and purge society of supposed inferior elements.<ref name="Oliver H. Woshinsky 2008. p. 156"/> Adolf Hitler and other proponents officially portrayed Nazism as being neither left- nor right-wing, but [[Syncretic politics|syncretic]].<ref name="Adolf Hitler p. 170"/><ref name="Rudy Koshar 1986. p. 190"/> Hitler in ''Mein Kampf'' directly attacked both left-wing and right-wing politics in Germany, saying: | ||
| - | <blockquote> | ||
| - | Today our left-wing politicians in particular are constantly insisting that their craven-hearted and obsequious foreign policy necessarily results from the disarmament of Germany, whereas the truth is that this is the policy of traitors [...] But the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms.<ref name="Adolf Hitler 2010. p. 287"/></blockquote> | ||
| - | |||
| - | Hitler, when asked whether he supported the "bourgeois right-wing", claimed that Nazism was not exclusively for any class, and indicated that it favoured neither the left nor the right, but preserved "pure" elements from both "camps", stating: "From the camp of bourgeois [[tradition]], it takes national resolve, and from the [[Dialectical materialism|materialism]] of the [[Marxism|Marxist]] dogma, living, creative Socialism". | ||
| ==Romanticism and Nazism== | ==Romanticism and Nazism== | ||
| [[German Romanticism]] and the [[völkisch]] ideologies were influential in the development of Nazism. Authors such as [[Thomas Mann]] and [[Georg Lukács]] have advanced the thesis of romanticism as the intellectual parent of Nazism (''Rereading Romanticism''). | [[German Romanticism]] and the [[völkisch]] ideologies were influential in the development of Nazism. Authors such as [[Thomas Mann]] and [[Georg Lukács]] have advanced the thesis of romanticism as the intellectual parent of Nazism (''Rereading Romanticism''). | ||
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| * [[Fascism]] | * [[Fascism]] | ||
| * [[Fascism and ideology]] | * [[Fascism and ideology]] | ||
| + | * [[Female guards in Nazi concentration camps]] | ||
| + | * [[First they came...]] | ||
| * [[Final Solution]] | * [[Final Solution]] | ||
| * [[Functionalism versus intentionalism]] | * [[Functionalism versus intentionalism]] | ||
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| **[[Responsibility for the Holocaust]] | **[[Responsibility for the Holocaust]] | ||
| * [[Nationalism]] | * [[Nationalism]] | ||
| + | * [[Nazi concentration camps]] | ||
| * [[Nazi exploitation]] | * [[Nazi exploitation]] | ||
| * [[Nazi Germany]] | * [[Nazi Germany]] | ||
Revision as of 12:37, 11 November 2020
Illustration: A Child at Gunpoint (1943) from the Stroop Report
|
"Not so long ago, Nazism transformed the whole of Europe into a genuine colony. The governments various European nations demanded reparations restitution in money and kind for their stolen treasures. As a result, cultural artifacts, paintings, sculptures, and stained-glass windows were returned to their owners. In the aftermath of war the Europeans were adamant about one thing: "Germany pay.""--The Wretched of the Earth (1961) by Frantz Fanon |
Illustration: Cover of the catalogue of the Nazi "Degenerate Art Exhibition" (1937). The exhibition was held to defame modern and Jewish artists. On the cover is Der Neue Mensch sculpture by Otto Freundlich.
|
Related e |
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Featured: |
Nazism, or National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus) in full, was the ideology of the Nazi Party in Germany and related movements outside Germany. It is a variety of fascism that incorporates biological racism and antisemitism. Nazism developed in Germany from the influence of the far-right racist Völkisch German nationalist movement and the anti-communist Freikorps paramilitary culture which fought against the communists in post-World War I Germany. The German Nazi Party and its affiliates in Germanic states supported pan-Germanicism. It was designed to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism. Major elements of Nazism have been described as far-right, such as allowing domination of society by people deemed racially superior, while purging society of people declared inferior, who were said to be a threat to national survival.
Nazism claimed that an Aryan master race was superior to all other races. To maintain what it regarded as the purity and strength of the Aryan race, Nazis sought to exterminate Jews and Romani, and the physically and mentally disabled. Other groups deemed "degenerate" or "asocial" received exclusionary treatment, including homosexuals, blacks, Jehovah's Witnesses and political opponents. The Nazis supported territorial expansionism to gain Lebensraum ("living space") as being a law of nature for all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races growing in population to displace peoples of inferior races; especially people of a superior race facing overpopulation in their given territories. Nazism rejected democracy because it believed Jews used it for their self-preservation.
The German Nazi Führer Adolf Hitler had objected to the party's previous leader's decision to use the word "Socialist" in its name, as Hitler at the time preferred to use "Social Revolutionary". Upon taking over the leadership, Hitler kept the term but defined socialism as being based upon a commitment of an individual to a community. Hitler did not want the ideology's socialism to be conflated with Marxian socialism. He claimed that true socialism does not repudiate private property unlike the claims of Marxism, and stated that the "Marxians have stolen the term and confused its meaning" and "Communism is not socialism. Marxism is not socialism." Nazism denounced both capitalism and communism for being associated with Jewish materialism. Nazism favoured private property, freedom of contract, and promoted the creation of a national solidarity that would transcend class differences. Like other fascist movements, Nazism supported the outlawing of strikes by employees and lockouts by employers, because these were regarded as a threat to national unity. Instead, the state controlled and approved wage and salary levels.
Romanticism and Nazism
German Romanticism and the völkisch ideologies were influential in the development of Nazism. Authors such as Thomas Mann and Georg Lukács have advanced the thesis of romanticism as the intellectual parent of Nazism (Rereading Romanticism).
See also
- 1940s subcultures
- Anti-capitalism
- Anti-communism
- Antisemitism
- Consequences of German Nazism
- Degenerate art
- Degenerate music
- Denazification
- Fascism
- Fascism and ideology
- Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
- First they came...
- Final Solution
- Functionalism versus intentionalism
- German nationalism
- Holocaust
- Nationalism
- Nazi concentration camps
- Nazi exploitation
- Nazi Germany
- Nazi occultism
- Neo-Nazism
- New Order (Nazism)
- Racism
- Weimar culture
- Women in the Third Reich
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Nazism" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
