Naturalization
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| - | '''Joseph Hilaire Pierre René Belloc''' (27 July 1870 – 16 July 1953) was an [[Anglo-French|Anglo-French]] [[writer]] and [[historian]] who became a [[naturalised]] [[United Kingdom|British]] subject in 1902. He was one of the most prolific writers in [[England]] during the early twentieth century. He was known as a writer, orator, poet, satirist, man of letters and political activist. He is most notable for his [[Catholic Church|Catholic faith]], which had a strong impact on most of his works and his writing collaboration with [[G. K. Chesterton]]. He was President of the Oxford Union and later [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for Salford from 1906 to 1910. He was a noted disputant, with a number of long-running feuds, but also widely regarded as a humane and sympathetic man. | ||
| - | His most lasting legacy is probably his verse, which encompasses [[cautionary tale]]s and religious poetry. Among his best-remembered poems are ''Jim, who ran away from his nurse, and was eaten by a lion'' and ''Matilda, who told lies and was burnt to death''. | + | '''Naturalization''' (or '''naturalisation''') is the acquisition of [[citizenship]] and [[nationality]] by somebody who was not a [[Native-born citizen|citizen or national of that country when he or she was born]]. |
| - | Recent biographies of Belloc have been written by [[A. N. Wilson]] and [[Joseph Pearce]]. | + | In general, basic requirements for naturalization are that the applicant hold a legal status as a full-time [[Permanent residency|resident]] for a minimum period of time and that the applicant promise to obey and uphold that country's laws, to which an oath or pledge of allegiance is sometimes added. Some countries also require that a naturalized national must renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold, forbidding [[Multiple citizenship|dual citizenship]], but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of the person's original citizenship will again depend on the laws of the countries involved. |
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| + | Nationality is traditionally based either on ''[[jus soli]]'' ("right of the territory") or on ''[[jus sanguinis]]'' ("right of blood"), although it now usually mixes both. Whatever the case, the massive increase in population flux due to [[globalization]] and the sharp increase in the numbers of [[refugee]]s following World War I created an important class of non-citizens called [[stateless persons]]. In some rare cases, procedures of mass naturalization were passed (Greece in 1922, [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian refugees]] or, more recently, Argentine people escaping the [[Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002)|economic crisis]]). As naturalization laws were created to deal with the rare case of people separated from their nation state because they lived abroad (expatriates), western democracies were not ready to naturalize the massive influx of [[stateless people]] which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of minorities in the first part of the 20th century — the two greatest such minorities after World War I were the Jews, and the Armenians, but they also counted the (mostly aristocratic) [[History of Russia|Russia]]ns who had escaped the 1917 [[October Revolution]] and the [[war communism]] period, and then the [[Spanish Civil War|Spanish refugees]]. As [[Hannah Arendt]] pointed out, [[internment camps]] became the "only nation" of such stateless people, since they were often considered "undesirable" and were stuck in an illegal situation (their country had expelled them or deprived them of their nationality, while they hadn't been naturalized, thus living in a judicial no man's land). | ||
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| + | After [[World War II]], the increase in [[Human migration|international migrations]] created a new category of refugees, most of them [[Foreign worker|economic refugees]]. For economic, political, humanitarian and pragmatic reasons, many states passed laws allowing a person to acquire their citizenship after birth (such as by marriage to a national – '''''jus matrimonii''''' – or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country), in order to reduce the scope of this category. However, in some countries this system still maintains a large part of the immigrated population in an illegal status, albeit some massive regularizations (in Spain by [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero|José Luis Zapatero]]'s government and in Italy by [[Silvio Berlusconi|Berlusconi]]'s government). | ||
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Revision as of 21:53, 21 August 2011
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Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the acquisition of citizenship and nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born.
In general, basic requirements for naturalization are that the applicant hold a legal status as a full-time resident for a minimum period of time and that the applicant promise to obey and uphold that country's laws, to which an oath or pledge of allegiance is sometimes added. Some countries also require that a naturalized national must renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold, forbidding dual citizenship, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of the person's original citizenship will again depend on the laws of the countries involved.
Nationality is traditionally based either on jus soli ("right of the territory") or on jus sanguinis ("right of blood"), although it now usually mixes both. Whatever the case, the massive increase in population flux due to globalization and the sharp increase in the numbers of refugees following World War I created an important class of non-citizens called stateless persons. In some rare cases, procedures of mass naturalization were passed (Greece in 1922, Armenian refugees or, more recently, Argentine people escaping the economic crisis). As naturalization laws were created to deal with the rare case of people separated from their nation state because they lived abroad (expatriates), western democracies were not ready to naturalize the massive influx of stateless people which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of minorities in the first part of the 20th century — the two greatest such minorities after World War I were the Jews, and the Armenians, but they also counted the (mostly aristocratic) Russians who had escaped the 1917 October Revolution and the war communism period, and then the Spanish refugees. As Hannah Arendt pointed out, internment camps became the "only nation" of such stateless people, since they were often considered "undesirable" and were stuck in an illegal situation (their country had expelled them or deprived them of their nationality, while they hadn't been naturalized, thus living in a judicial no man's land).
After World War II, the increase in international migrations created a new category of refugees, most of them economic refugees. For economic, political, humanitarian and pragmatic reasons, many states passed laws allowing a person to acquire their citizenship after birth (such as by marriage to a national – jus matrimonii – or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country), in order to reduce the scope of this category. However, in some countries this system still maintains a large part of the immigrated population in an illegal status, albeit some massive regularizations (in Spain by José Luis Zapatero's government and in Italy by Berlusconi's government).
