National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
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| - | :''[[Hans Bellmer]]'' | + | ''National Socialist League of the [[Reich]] for Physical Exercise''), known as '''Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen''' ('''DRL''') until 1938, was the [[umbrella organization]] for [[sports]] during the [[Third Reich]]. |
| - | '''Bellmer's dolls''' is the name commonly given to an arts project by German artist [[Hans Bellmer]]. It is said that Bellmer initiated his [[life-sized female doll]] project to oppose the [[fascism]] of the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] by declaring that he would make no work that would support the [[Germany|German]] state. Represented by [[mutated]] forms and [[unconventional]] poses, his dolls were directed specifically at the [[Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen|cult of the perfect body]] then prominent in Germany. Bellmer was influenced in his choice of art form by reading the published letters of [[Oskar Kokoschka]] (''[[Der Fetisch]]'', [[1925]]). | + | The NSRL was led by the ''Reichssportführer'', who after 1934 was at the same time presiding over the German [[National Olympic Committee]]. The NSRL's leaders were [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] (1933–1943), [[Arno Breitmeyer]] (1943–1944) and [[Karl Ritter von Halt]] (1944–1945). |
| - | Bellmer's [[1934]] anonymous book ''The Doll'' (''[[Die Puppe]]''), produced and published privately in Germany, contains 10 black-and-white photographs of Bellmer's first doll arranged in a series of "[[Tableau Vivant|tableaux vivants]]" (living pictures). The book was not credited to him, he worked in isolation, and his photographs remained almost unknown in Germany. Yet Bellmer's work was eventually declared [[Degenerate art|"degenerate"]] by the Nazi Party, and he was forced to flee Germany to [[France]] in [[1938]]. | ||
| - | His work was welcomed in the [[Paris|Parisian]] art culture of the time, especially the [[Surrealists]] under [[André Breton]], because of the references to female beauty and the sexualization of the youthful form. His photographs were published in the Surrealist journal ''[[Minotaure]]''. Being known among the [[avant-garde]] did not, however, prevent him from being imprisoned in the [[Camp des Milles]] prison at [[Aix-en-Provence]] for most of [[World War II]]. | ||
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| - | The doll from Bellmer's 1934 work pioneered in form and meaning of similar dolls. | ||
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| - | Bellmer's doll developed from a series of three events in his personal life: meeting a beautiful teenage cousin in 1932; attending a performance of [[Jacques Offenbach]]'s [[Tales of Hoffmann]] (in which a man falls tragically in love with an automaton); and receiving a box of his old toys. After these events he began to construct his first doll. | ||
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| - | In his works, Bellmer explicitly sexualized the doll as a young girl. On the other hand, the doll incorporated the principle of "[[ball joint]]" , which was inspired by a pair of sixteenth-century articulated wooden dolls in the [[Kaiser Friedrich Museum]]. | ||
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| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | *''[[Die Puppe]]'' | ||
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Revision as of 08:30, 7 October 2010
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National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise), known as Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (DRL) until 1938, was the umbrella organization for sports during the Third Reich.
The NSRL was led by the Reichssportführer, who after 1934 was at the same time presiding over the German National Olympic Committee. The NSRL's leaders were Hans von Tschammer und Osten (1933–1943), Arno Breitmeyer (1943–1944) and Karl Ritter von Halt (1944–1945).
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
