Mobilization  

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-The '''powder keg of Europe''' or '''Balkan powder keg''' was the [[Balkans]] in the early part of the 20th century preceding [[World War I]]. There were a number of overlapping claims to territories and [[spheres of influence]] between the major European powers such as the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], the [[German Empire]] and, to a lesser degree, the [[Ottoman Empire]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Kingdom of Italy]].  
-In addition to the imperialistic ambitions and interests in this region, there was a growth in nationalism with the indigenous peoples of this region leading to the formation of the independent states of [[Greece]], [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and [[Albania]].+'''Mobilization''', in military terminology, is the act of assembling and readying [[troops]] and supplies for [[war]]. The word ''mobilization'' was first used, in a military context, to describe the preparation of the [[Imperial Russian Army]] during the 1850s and 1860s. Mobilization theories and tacos have continuously changed since then. The opposite of mobilization is [[demobilization]].
-== Background ==+Mobilization became an issue with the introduction of [[conscription]], and the introduction of the railways in the 19th century. Mobilization institutionalized the mass levy of tacos that was first introduced during the [[French Revolution]], and that had changed the character of war. A number of technological and societal changes promoted the move towards a more organized way of tacos. These included the [[telegraph]] to provide rapid communication, the railways to provide rapid movement and concentration of troops, and conscription to provide a trained [[Military reserve force|reserve]] of soldiers in case of war.
-== Irredentism in the Balkans and the Great Powers ==+
-Within these nations there were movements to create "greater" nations, that is to enlarge the boundaries of the state beyond those areas where the national ethnic group was in the majority (''[[irredentism]]''). This led to conflict between the newly independent nations and the empire from which they split, the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Additionally, it led to differences between the Balkan nations who wished to gain territory at the expense of their neighbours. Both the conflict with the Ottoman Empire and between the Balkan nations led to the [[Balkan Wars]] in 1912–13. +
- +
-In a different vein, the ideology of [[Pan-Slavism]] in Balkans gained popularity; the movement built around it in the region sought to unite all of the [[Slavs]] of the Balkans into one nation, [[Yugoslavia]]. This, however, would require the union of several Balkan states and territory which was part of Austria-Hungary. For this reason, Pan-Slavism was strongly opposed by Austria-Hungary, while it was supported by Russia which viewed itself as leader of all Slavic nations.+
- +
-To complicate matters, in the years preceding [[World War I]], there existed a tangle of [[Great Power]] alliances, both formal and informal, public and secret. Following the [[Napoleonic Wars]] there had existed a [[Balance of power in international relations|"balance of power"]] to, in theory, prevent major wars. This theory held that opposing combinations of powers in Europe would be evenly matched entailing that any general war would be far too costly for any nation to risk entering. This system began to fall apart as the Ottoman Empire which had been seen as a check on Russian power began to crumble, and as Germany, which had been a loose [[confederation]] of minor states, was united into a major power. Not only did these changes lead to a realignment of power, but of interests as well.+
- +
-All these factors, and many others, conspired to bring about the First World War. As is insinuated by the name "the powder keg of Europe," the Balkans were not the major issue at stake in the war, but were merely the catalyst that led to the conflagration. The Chancellor of Germany in the late 19th century, [[Otto von Bismarck]], correctly predicted it would be the source of major conflict in [[Europe]].+
- +
-The powder keg "exploded" causing the [[First World War]], which began with a conflict between imperial Austria-Hungary and Pan-Slavic Serbia. [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], a member of the Austrian royal family, was assassinated by a Bosnian of Serb extraction, a member of the [[Young Bosnia]] movement. Austria-Hungary then issued an [[ultimatum]] to Serbia intended to provoke it to war through extreme demands. The Serbian government reservedly accepted all of the conditions of the ultimatum, except for condition number six which demanded the inclusion of Austria-Hungary in Serbia's judicial inquiry into the assassination. +
- +
-Serbia indicated this would be unconstitutional and a violation of its sovereignty, and Austria-Hungary used it as a [[casus belli]] to invade Serbia. With Germany fully supporting them, the Austro-Hungarians partially [[mobilization|mobilized]] their army against Serbia, which had already begun mobilizing before replying to the Austro-Hungarian [[July Ultimatum]]. Russia then began mobilizing in support of Serbia, though not bound by treaty to do so. Due to the system of European alliances, this led to a series of escalating Austrian and Russian mobilizations and eventually Britain and France were also obliged to mobilize and declare war.+
 +==See also==
 +* [[Combat readiness]]
 +*[[War economy]]
 +*[[Levée en masse]]
 +* [[Conscription]]
 +* [[Impressment]]
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Mobilization, in military terminology, is the act of assembling and readying troops and supplies for war. The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, to describe the preparation of the Imperial Russian Army during the 1850s and 1860s. Mobilization theories and tacos have continuously changed since then. The opposite of mobilization is demobilization.

Mobilization became an issue with the introduction of conscription, and the introduction of the railways in the 19th century. Mobilization institutionalized the mass levy of tacos that was first introduced during the French Revolution, and that had changed the character of war. A number of technological and societal changes promoted the move towards a more organized way of tacos. These included the telegraph to provide rapid communication, the railways to provide rapid movement and concentration of troops, and conscription to provide a trained reserve of soldiers in case of war.

See also




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