Marxism  

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 +{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" |
 +“[[A spectre is haunting Europe — the spectre of communism ]]” --Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
 +<hr>
 +''[[The Opium of the Intellectuals]]'' --[[Raymond Aron]]
 +<hr>
 +"Who were the critics, and why were they so offended? Their rank included the last of the [[Marxism |Marxist intellectuals]], most prominently represented by [[Stephen Jay Gould]] and [[Richard C. Lewontin]]. They disliked the idea, to put it mildly, that [[human nature]] could have any genetic basis at all. They championed the opposing view that the developing human brain is a [[tabula rasa]]. The only human nature, they said, is an indefinitely flexible mind. Theirs was the standard political position taken by Marxists from the late 1920s forward: the ideal political economy is socialism, and the tabula rasa mind of people can be fitted to it. A mind arising from a genetic human nature might not prove conformable. Since socialism is the supreme good to be sought, a tabula rasa it must be. As Lewontin, [[Steven Rose]], and [[Leon J. Kamin]] frankly expressed the matter in ''[[Not in Our Genes]]'' (1984): “We share a commitment to the prospect of the creation of a more socially just—a [[socialist]]—society. And we recognize that a critical science is an integral part of the struggle to create that society, just as we also believe that the social function of much of today’s science is to hinder the creation of that society by acting to preserve the interests of the dominant class, gender, and race.” --E. O. Wilson in the 2000 edition of ''[[Sociobiology: The New Synthesis]]''
 +
 +<hr>
 +"In short, far from supporting [[Marxism]], this theory <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[natural selection]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> merely serves, if transferred back from natural history into the society from which it was orginally borrowed, to eternalize and justify as though grounded in nature itself, the barbarous economic relations of the particular historical epoch of bourgeois capitalism." --''[[Human Nature: The Marxian View]]'', page 64, [[Vernon Venable]], 1945, see [[Marx's theory of human nature]]
 +|}
 +[[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[politics]] series.<br><small>Illustration:''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1831, detail) by [[Eugène Delacroix]].</small>]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-Related: [[alienation]] - [[conflict|culture conflict theory]] - [[culture industry]] - [[British Cultural Studies]] - [[cultural Marxism]] - [[false consciousness]] - [[commodity fetishism]] - [[economic exploitation]] - [[Frankfurt School]] - [[Freudo-Marxism]] - [[CCCS|Birmingham School of Cultural Studies]] - [[left]] - [[Marxist film theory]] - [[working class]]+'''Marxism''' is a [[worldview]] and method of [[societal analysis]] that focuses on [[Social class|class]] relations and societal conflict, that uses a [[Historical materialism|materialist interpretation of historical development]], and a [[dialectic]]al view of social transformation. Marxist methodology uses [[economic]] and [[sociopolitical]] inquiry and applies that to the analysis and critique of the development of [[capitalism]] and the role of [[class struggle]] in systemic economic change.
 + 
 +In the mid-to-late 19th century, the [[Philosophy|intellectual tenets]] of Marxism were inspired by two German philosophers: [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]. Marxist analyses and methodologies have influenced multiple political ideologies and social movements. Marxism encompasses an [[Marxian economics|economic theory]], a [[Marxist sociology|sociological theory]], a [[Marx's method|philosophical method]], and a [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary]] view of social change.
 + 
 +According to Marxist analysis, class conflict within capitalism arises due to intensifying contradictions between highly productive [[mechanized]] and [[Socialization (economics)|socialized production]] performed by the [[proletariat]], and private ownership and private appropriation of the [[surplus product]] in the form of [[surplus value]] (profit) by a small minority of private owners called the [[bourgeoisie]]. As the contradiction becomes apparent to the proletariat, social unrest between the two antagonistic classes intensifies, culminating in a [[social revolution]]. The eventual long-term outcome of this revolution would be the establishment of [[socialism]] – a socioeconomic system based on cooperative ownership of the means of production, [[To each according to his contribution|distribution based on one's contribution]], and [[Production for use|production organized directly for use]]. Karl Marx hypothesized that, as the productive forces and technology continued to advance, socialism would eventually give way to a [[Communism|communist]] stage of social development. Communism would be a classless, stateless, humane society erected on [[common ownership]] and the principle of "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his need]]s".
 + 
 +[[Marxist historiography|Marxist understandings of history]] and of society have been adopted by academics in the disciplines of [[Marxist archaeology|archaeology]] and [[anthropology]], [[political science]], [[theater]], [[history]], [[Marxist sociology|sociology]], [[art history]] and [[art theory]], [[cultural studies]], [[education]], [[Marxian economics|economics]], [[Marxist geography|geography]], [[Marxist literary criticism|literary criticism]], [[Marxist aesthetics|aesthetics]], [[critical psychology]], and [[Marxist philosophy|philosophy]].
 +==Precursors==
 +:''[[Communism#Early_Communism]], [[slave rebellions]]''
 +===Precursors===
 + 
 +:''[[Pre-Marx socialists]]''
 +While [[Marxism]] had a significant impact on [[socialist]] thought, pre-Marxist thinkers (before Karl Marx wrote on the subject) have advocated socialism in forms both similar and in stark contrast to Marx and Engels' conception of socialism, advocating some form of [[Social ownership|collective ownership]] over large-scale production, worker-management within the workplace, or in some cases, a form of [[planned economy]].
 + 
 +Early socialist philosophers and political theorists:
 +# [[Gerrard Winstanley]], who founded the [[Diggers]] movement in the [[United Kingdom]]
 +# [[Charles Fourier]], French philosopher who propounded principles very similar to Karl Marx
 +# [[Louis Blanqui]], French socialist and writer
 +# [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer whose works influenced the French Revolution
 +# [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], French politician writer.
 +===Peasant wars===
 +:''[[Peasant movement]], [[German Peasants' War]]''
 + 
 +The '''Peasants' War''' (''Deutscher Bauernkrieg'' in [[German language|German]], literally the [[German Peasants' War]]) was a [[popular revolt]] that took place in Europe during 1524–1525. It consisted, like the preceding [[Bundschuh]] movement and the [[Hussite Wars]], of a series of both economic and religious revolts in which [[peasant]]s, townsfolk and [[nobility|nobles]] all participated.
 + 
 +At its height in the spring and summer of 1525, the conflict, which occurred mostly in the southern, western and central areas of what is now modern [[Germany]] plus areas in neighboring [[Alsace]] and modern [[Switzerland]] and [[Austria]], involved an estimated 300,000 peasant rebels: contemporary estimates put the dead at 100,000. It was Europe's largest and most widespread popular uprising prior to the [[French Revolution]] of 1789.
 + 
 +==Cultural Marxism==
 +:''[[cultural Marxism]]''
 + 
 +'''Cultural Marxism''' is a generic term referring to a loosely associated group of Marxists who have sought to apply [[critical theory]] to matters of [[family]] composition, [[gender]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]], and [[cultural identity]] within [[Western society]].
 + 
 +==Freudo-Marxism==
 +:''[[Freudo-Marxism]]''
 + 
 +'''Freudo-Marxism''' is a loose designation of several twentieth-century [[critical theory]] schools of thought that sought to synthesize the [[philosophy]] and [[political economy]] of [[Karl Marx]] with the [[psychoanalytic theory]] of [[Sigmund Freud]].
 + 
 +Freudo-Marxism seeks to use the tools of psychoanalysis to diagnose the ills of society. Just as Freudianism views an individual's [[ego and super-ego as shaped by his unconscious id]], Marxism views a society's culture and institutions as shaped by its underlying [[economic system]]. Thus a society's economic system and its relations of production function as its unconscious id; a society's culture functions as its ego; and a society's legal system, police and military function as its super-ego. From this point, Freudo-Marxism aims to reveal the [[illness of a society]]'s underlying economic system by analyzing its [[cultural product]]s.
 +==Marxist film theory==
 +:''[[Marxist film theory]]''
 +'''Marxist film theory''' is one of the oldest forms of [[film theory]].
 + 
 +[[Sergei Eisenstein]] and many other [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[filmmaker]]s in the [[1920s]] expressed ideas of [[Marxism]] through film. In fact, the [[Hegel]]ian [[dialectic]] was considered best displayed in [[film editing]] through the [[Kuleshov Experiment]] and the development of [[Soviet montage theory|montage]].
 + 
 +While this [[structuralist]] approach to Marxism and filmmaking was used, the more vociferous complaint that the Russian filmmakers had was with the [[Literary technique|narrative]] structure of [[Hollywood]] [[filmmaking]].
 + 
 +==Marxist literary theory==
 +:''[[Marxist literary theory]]''
 +'''Marxist literary criticism''' is a loose term describing [[literary criticism]] informed by the philosophy or the politics of [[Marxism]]. Its history is as long as Marxism itself, as both [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] read widely (Marx had a great affection for [[Shakespeare]], as well as contemporary writings like the work of his friend [[Heinrich Heine]]). In the [[twentieth century]] many of the foremost writers of [[Marxist theory]] have also been literary critics, from [[Georg Lukács]] to [[Fredric Jameson]].
 + 
 +==False consciousness==
 +:''[[False consciousness]]''
 + 
 +'''False consciousness''' or '''false needs''' is the [[Marxist]] [[thesis]] that the [[Culture industry|Culture industries]] cultivate [[false need]]s; that is, needs created and satisfied by capitalism. [[True]] needs, in contrast, are [[freedom]], [[creativity]], or [[genuine]] [[happiness]]. [[Herbert Marcuse]] was the first to demarcate '''true''' needs from '''false needs'''.
 +==Guy Debord==
 +:''[[Guy Debord]]''
 + 
 +'''Guy Ernest Debord''' (December 28, 1931 – November 30, 1994) was a French [[Marxist]] theorist, writer, [[filmmaker]], member of the [[Letterist International]], founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the [[Situationist International]] (SI). His book ''[[The Society of the Spectacle]]'' (1967) was a [[catalyst]] for the [[uprising]] of [[May 1968]].
 + 
 +==Working class==
 +:''[[working class]]''
 + 
 +'''Working class''' (or '''lower class''', '''labouring class''') is a term used in the [[social science]]s and in ordinary conversation to describe those employed in lower tier jobs (as measured by skill, education and lower incomes), often extending to those in [[unemployment]] or otherwise possessing below-average incomes. Working classes are mainly found in [[industrialized]] [[economy|economies]] and in [[urban area]]s of non-industrialized economies.
 +==Marx's theory of alienation==
 +:''[[Marx's theory of alienation]]''
 + 
 +'''Marx's theory of alienation''' (''Entfremdung'' in [[German language|German]]), as expressed in the writings of [[young Marx|young Karl Marx]], refers to the separation of things that naturally belong together, or to antagonism between things that are properly in harmony. In the concept's most important use, it refers to the [[wikt:alienate|alienation]] of people from aspects of their "human nature" (''Gattungswesen'', usually translated as 'species-essence' or 'species-being'). Marx believed that alienation is a systematic result of capitalism. His theory relies on [[Ludwig Feuerbach|Feuerbach's]] ''[[The Essence of Christianity]]'' (1841), which argues that the idea of God has alienated the characteristics of the [[human being]]. [[Stirner]] would take the analysis further in ''[[The Ego and Its Own]]'' (1844), declaring that even 'humanity' is an alienating ideal for the individual, to which Marx responded in ''[[The German Ideology]]'' (1845).
 +==Commodity fetishism==
 +:''[[commodity fetishism]]''
-[[Theodor Adorno]] - [[Louis Althusser]] - [[Mikhail Bakhtin]] - [[Walter Benjamin]] - [[Guy Debord]] - [[Terry Eagleton]] - [[Antonio Gramsci]] - [[Michael Hardt]] - [[Fredric Jameson]] - [[Karl Marx]]+In [[Marxist]] theory, '''commodity fetishism''' is a state of [[social relations]], said to arise in complex [[capitalist]] market systems, in which social relationships are defined by the values that are placed on [[commodities]]. The term is introduced in the opening chapter of [[Karl Marx|Karl Marx's]] main work of [[political economy]], ''[[Capital, Volume I|Capital]]'', of [[1867]].
-:[[Cultural Marxism]]+Marx's use of the term [[Fetishism|fetish]] can be interpreted as an ironic comment on the "rational", "scientific" mindset of [[industrialisation|industrial]] capitalist societies. In Marx's day, the word was primarily used in the study of primitive [[religion]]s; Marx's "fetishism of commodities" might be seen as proposing that just such primitive belief systems exist at the heart of modern society. In most subsequent Marxist thought, ''commodity fetishism'' is defined as an [[illusion]] arising from the central role that [[private property]] plays in capitalism's social processes. It is a central component of the [[dominant ideology]] in capitalist societies.
-'''Marxism''' is the political practice and social theory based on the works of [[Karl Marx]], a nineteenth century philosopher, economist, journalist, and [[revolutionary]] along with [[Friedrich Engels]]. Marx drew on [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel's]] philosophy, the [[political economy]] of [[Adam Smith]], [[Ricardian economics]], and 19th century French [[socialism]] to develop a critique of society which he claimed was both scientific and [[revolutionary]]. This critique achieved its most systematic (if unfinished) expression in his magnum opus, ''Capital: A Critique of Political Economy'' (''[[Das Kapital]]'').+==See also==
 +* [[Counterculture]]
 +* [[Cultural Marxism]]
 +* [[Freudo-Marxism]]
 +* [[Karl Marx]]
 +* [[Karl Marx in film]]
 +* [[Marxian economics]]
 +* [[Marxism–Leninism]]
 +* [[Marxist aesthetics]]
 +* [[Marxist analysis]]
 +* [[Marxist conception of human nature]]
 +* [[Marxist criminology]]
 +* [[Marxist feminism]]
 +* [[Marxist film theory]]
 +* [[Marxist geography]]
 +* [[Marxist historiography]]
 +* [[Marxist humanism]]
 +* [[Marxist literary criticism]]
 +* [[Marxist philosophy]]
 +* [[Marxist philosophy of nature]]
 +* [[Marxist sociology]]
 +* [[Marx’s method]]
 +* [[Marx's theory of alienation]]
 +* [[Marx's theory of human nature]]
 +* [[Orthodox Marxism]]
 +* [[Political Marxism]]
 +* [[Post-Marxism]]
 +* [[Reification (Marxism)]]
 +* ''[[Rethinking Marxism]]''
 +* [[Revisionism (Marxism)]]
 +* ''[[Specters of Marx]]''
 +* [[Structural Marxism]]
 +* [[Western Marxism]]
 +* [[Young Marx]]
-'''Cultural hegemony''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemony] is a concept coined by [[Antonio Gramsci]]. It means that a diverse culture can be ruled or dominated by one group or [[class]], that [[everyday]] practices and shared beliefs provide the foundation for complex systems of [[domination]]. 
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Revision as of 13:47, 15 August 2019

A spectre is haunting Europe — the spectre of communism ” --Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels


The Opium of the Intellectuals --Raymond Aron


"Who were the critics, and why were they so offended? Their rank included the last of the Marxist intellectuals, most prominently represented by Stephen Jay Gould and Richard C. Lewontin. They disliked the idea, to put it mildly, that human nature could have any genetic basis at all. They championed the opposing view that the developing human brain is a tabula rasa. The only human nature, they said, is an indefinitely flexible mind. Theirs was the standard political position taken by Marxists from the late 1920s forward: the ideal political economy is socialism, and the tabula rasa mind of people can be fitted to it. A mind arising from a genetic human nature might not prove conformable. Since socialism is the supreme good to be sought, a tabula rasa it must be. As Lewontin, Steven Rose, and Leon J. Kamin frankly expressed the matter in Not in Our Genes (1984): “We share a commitment to the prospect of the creation of a more socially just—a socialist—society. And we recognize that a critical science is an integral part of the struggle to create that society, just as we also believe that the social function of much of today’s science is to hinder the creation of that society by acting to preserve the interests of the dominant class, gender, and race.” --E. O. Wilson in the 2000 edition of Sociobiology: The New Synthesis


"In short, far from supporting Marxism, this theory [natural selection] merely serves, if transferred back from natural history into the society from which it was orginally borrowed, to eternalize and justify as though grounded in nature itself, the barbarous economic relations of the particular historical epoch of bourgeois capitalism." --Human Nature: The Marxian View, page 64, Vernon Venable, 1945, see Marx's theory of human nature

This page Marxism is part of the politics series.Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.
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Marxism is a worldview and method of societal analysis that focuses on class relations and societal conflict, that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, and a dialectical view of social transformation. Marxist methodology uses economic and sociopolitical inquiry and applies that to the analysis and critique of the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change.

In the mid-to-late 19th century, the intellectual tenets of Marxism were inspired by two German philosophers: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxist analyses and methodologies have influenced multiple political ideologies and social movements. Marxism encompasses an economic theory, a sociological theory, a philosophical method, and a revolutionary view of social change.

According to Marxist analysis, class conflict within capitalism arises due to intensifying contradictions between highly productive mechanized and socialized production performed by the proletariat, and private ownership and private appropriation of the surplus product in the form of surplus value (profit) by a small minority of private owners called the bourgeoisie. As the contradiction becomes apparent to the proletariat, social unrest between the two antagonistic classes intensifies, culminating in a social revolution. The eventual long-term outcome of this revolution would be the establishment of socialism – a socioeconomic system based on cooperative ownership of the means of production, distribution based on one's contribution, and production organized directly for use. Karl Marx hypothesized that, as the productive forces and technology continued to advance, socialism would eventually give way to a communist stage of social development. Communism would be a classless, stateless, humane society erected on common ownership and the principle of "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs".

Marxist understandings of history and of society have been adopted by academics in the disciplines of archaeology and anthropology, political science, theater, history, sociology, art history and art theory, cultural studies, education, economics, geography, literary criticism, aesthetics, critical psychology, and philosophy.

Contents

Precursors

Communism#Early_Communism, slave rebellions

Precursors

Pre-Marx socialists

While Marxism had a significant impact on socialist thought, pre-Marxist thinkers (before Karl Marx wrote on the subject) have advocated socialism in forms both similar and in stark contrast to Marx and Engels' conception of socialism, advocating some form of collective ownership over large-scale production, worker-management within the workplace, or in some cases, a form of planned economy.

Early socialist philosophers and political theorists:

  1. Gerrard Winstanley, who founded the Diggers movement in the United Kingdom
  2. Charles Fourier, French philosopher who propounded principles very similar to Karl Marx
  3. Louis Blanqui, French socialist and writer
  4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer whose works influenced the French Revolution
  5. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French politician writer.

Peasant wars

Peasant movement, German Peasants' War

The Peasants' War (Deutscher Bauernkrieg in German, literally the German Peasants' War) was a popular revolt that took place in Europe during 1524–1525. It consisted, like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, of a series of both economic and religious revolts in which peasants, townsfolk and nobles all participated.

At its height in the spring and summer of 1525, the conflict, which occurred mostly in the southern, western and central areas of what is now modern Germany plus areas in neighboring Alsace and modern Switzerland and Austria, involved an estimated 300,000 peasant rebels: contemporary estimates put the dead at 100,000. It was Europe's largest and most widespread popular uprising prior to the French Revolution of 1789.

Cultural Marxism

cultural Marxism

Cultural Marxism is a generic term referring to a loosely associated group of Marxists who have sought to apply critical theory to matters of family composition, gender, race, and cultural identity within Western society.

Freudo-Marxism

Freudo-Marxism

Freudo-Marxism is a loose designation of several twentieth-century critical theory schools of thought that sought to synthesize the philosophy and political economy of Karl Marx with the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud.

Freudo-Marxism seeks to use the tools of psychoanalysis to diagnose the ills of society. Just as Freudianism views an individual's ego and super-ego as shaped by his unconscious id, Marxism views a society's culture and institutions as shaped by its underlying economic system. Thus a society's economic system and its relations of production function as its unconscious id; a society's culture functions as its ego; and a society's legal system, police and military function as its super-ego. From this point, Freudo-Marxism aims to reveal the illness of a society's underlying economic system by analyzing its cultural products.

Marxist film theory

Marxist film theory

Marxist film theory is one of the oldest forms of film theory.

Sergei Eisenstein and many other Soviet filmmakers in the 1920s expressed ideas of Marxism through film. In fact, the Hegelian dialectic was considered best displayed in film editing through the Kuleshov Experiment and the development of montage.

While this structuralist approach to Marxism and filmmaking was used, the more vociferous complaint that the Russian filmmakers had was with the narrative structure of Hollywood filmmaking.

Marxist literary theory

Marxist literary theory

Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing literary criticism informed by the philosophy or the politics of Marxism. Its history is as long as Marxism itself, as both Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels read widely (Marx had a great affection for Shakespeare, as well as contemporary writings like the work of his friend Heinrich Heine). In the twentieth century many of the foremost writers of Marxist theory have also been literary critics, from Georg Lukács to Fredric Jameson.

False consciousness

False consciousness

False consciousness or false needs is the Marxist thesis that the Culture industries cultivate false needs; that is, needs created and satisfied by capitalism. True needs, in contrast, are freedom, creativity, or genuine happiness. Herbert Marcuse was the first to demarcate true needs from false needs.

Guy Debord

Guy Debord

Guy Ernest Debord (December 28, 1931 – November 30, 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, writer, filmmaker, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International (SI). His book The Society of the Spectacle (1967) was a catalyst for the uprising of May 1968.

Working class

working class

Working class (or lower class, labouring class) is a term used in the social sciences and in ordinary conversation to describe those employed in lower tier jobs (as measured by skill, education and lower incomes), often extending to those in unemployment or otherwise possessing below-average incomes. Working classes are mainly found in industrialized economies and in urban areas of non-industrialized economies.

Marx's theory of alienation

Marx's theory of alienation

Marx's theory of alienation (Entfremdung in German), as expressed in the writings of young Karl Marx, refers to the separation of things that naturally belong together, or to antagonism between things that are properly in harmony. In the concept's most important use, it refers to the alienation of people from aspects of their "human nature" (Gattungswesen, usually translated as 'species-essence' or 'species-being'). Marx believed that alienation is a systematic result of capitalism. His theory relies on Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity (1841), which argues that the idea of God has alienated the characteristics of the human being. Stirner would take the analysis further in The Ego and Its Own (1844), declaring that even 'humanity' is an alienating ideal for the individual, to which Marx responded in The German Ideology (1845).

Commodity fetishism

commodity fetishism

In Marxist theory, commodity fetishism is a state of social relations, said to arise in complex capitalist market systems, in which social relationships are defined by the values that are placed on commodities. The term is introduced in the opening chapter of Karl Marx's main work of political economy, Capital, of 1867.

Marx's use of the term fetish can be interpreted as an ironic comment on the "rational", "scientific" mindset of industrial capitalist societies. In Marx's day, the word was primarily used in the study of primitive religions; Marx's "fetishism of commodities" might be seen as proposing that just such primitive belief systems exist at the heart of modern society. In most subsequent Marxist thought, commodity fetishism is defined as an illusion arising from the central role that private property plays in capitalism's social processes. It is a central component of the dominant ideology in capitalist societies.

See also





Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Marxism" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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