March 17  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
-==Births== 
-* [[45 BC]] - In his last victory, [[Julius Caesar]] defeats the [[Pompey|Pompeian]] forces of [[Titus Labienus]] and [[Gnaeus Pompeius|Pompey the Younger]] in the [[Battle of Munda]]. 
-* [[180]] - [[Marcus Aurelius]] dies. [[Commodus]] is now the only emperor. 
-* [[624]] - [[Muhammad]] wins a key victory over his [[Quraysh|Meccan]] adversaries in the [[Battle of Badr]]. 
-* [[1337]] - [[Edward, the Black Prince]] is made [[Duke of Cornwall]], the first [[Duchy]] made in [[England]]. 
-* [[1577]] - The Cathay Company is formed to send [[Martin Frobisher]] back to the [[New World]] for more [[gold]]. 
-* [[1756]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]] is celebrated in [[New York City]] for the first time (at the Crown and Thistle Tavern). 
-* [[1776]] - [[American Revolution]]: [[United Kingdom|British]] forces evacuate [[Boston, Massachusetts]] after [[George Washington]] and [[Henry Knox]] place [[artillery]] overlooking the city. 
-* [[1805]] - The [[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]], with [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] as president, becomes the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]], with Napoleon as King. 
-* [[1845]] - The [[rubber band]] is [[patent]]ed. 
-* [[1861]] - The [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)]] is proclaimed. 
-* [[1886]] - Carrollton Massacre: 20 [[African American]]s are killed in [[Mississippi]]. 
-* [[1891]] - The British [[steamship]] SS ''Utopia'' sinks off the coast of [[Gibraltar]], killing 574. 
* [[1901]] - A showing of 71 [[Vincent van Gogh]] paintings in [[Paris]], 11 years after his death, creates a sensation. * [[1901]] - A showing of 71 [[Vincent van Gogh]] paintings in [[Paris]], 11 years after his death, creates a sensation.
-* [[1906]] - The [[Phi Kappa Tau]] Fraternity is founded at [[Miami University]] in [[Oxford, Ohio]]. 
-* [[1910]] - [[Luther Gulick (physician)|Luther Gulick]] and his wife Charlotte found Camp Fire Girls (now [[Camp Fire USA]]) (formally announced in [[1912]]). 
-* [[1913]] - The [[Uruguayan Air Force]] is founded. 
-* [[1917]] - [[Delta Phi Epsilon (social)|Delta Phi Epsilon]] is founded at [[New York University Law School]]. 
-* [[1921]] - The [[Second Republic of Poland]] adopts the [[March Constitution]]. 
-* [[1931]] - [[Nevada]] legalizes [[gambling]]. 
-* [[1939]] - [[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)]]: The [[Battle of Nanchang]] between the [[Kuomintang]] and the [[Japan]]ese breaks out. 
-* [[1941]] - In [[Washington, DC]], the [[National Gallery of Art]] is officially opened by President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. 
* [[1942]] - [[Holocaust]]: The first [[Jews]] from the [[Lviv]] [[Ghetto]] (western [[Ukraine]]) are gassed at the [[Belzec]] death camp (eastern [[Poland]]). * [[1942]] - [[Holocaust]]: The first [[Jews]] from the [[Lviv]] [[Ghetto]] (western [[Ukraine]]) are gassed at the [[Belzec]] death camp (eastern [[Poland]]).
-* [[1945]] - The strategically important captured railway [[Ludendorff Bridge|Bridge at Remagen]], having sped the end of WW-II, but ironically no longer taking artillery fire, collapses ten days into the battle rendering the [[lodgement]] on the Germany bank of the [[Rhine]] dependent entirely on [[pontoon bridge]]s. 
-* [[1948]] - [[Benelux]], [[France]], and the [[United Kingdom]] sign the [[Treaty of Brussels 1948|Treaty of Brussels]], a precursor to the [[NATO]] Agreement. 
-* [[1950]] - [[University of California, Berkeley]] researchers announce the creation of element 98, which they name "[[Californium]]". 
-* [[1958]] - The [[United States]] launches the [[Vanguard 1]] [[satellite]]. 
-* [[1959]] - [[Tenzin Gyatso]], the 14th [[Dalai Lama]], flees [[Tibet]] for [[India]]. 
-* [[1960]] - U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signs the [[National Security Council (USA)|National Security Council]] directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]. 
-* [[1966]] - Off the coast of [[Spain]] in the [[Mediterranean]], the [[DSV Alvin|''Alvin'']] [[submarine]] finds a missing [[United States|American]] [[hydrogen bomb]]. 
-* [[1969]] - [[Golda Meir]] becomes the first female [[Prime Minister of Israel]]. 
-* [[1970]] - [[My Lai massacre]]: The [[United States Army]] charges 14 officers with suppressing information related to the incident. 
-* [[1973]] - The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning photograph ''[[Burst of Joy]]'' is taken, depicting a former [[prisoner of war]] being reunited with his family. 
-* [[1979]] - The [[Penmanshiel Tunnel]] collapses during engineering works, killing two workers. 
* [[1985]] - [[Serial killer]] [[Richard Ramirez]], the "Night Stalker", commits his first two [[murder]]s in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]] murder spree. * [[1985]] - [[Serial killer]] [[Richard Ramirez]], the "Night Stalker", commits his first two [[murder]]s in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]] murder spree.
-* [[1988]] - A [[Colombia]]n [[Boeing 727]] [[jet airliner|jetliner]], [[Avianca Flight 410]], crashes into a mountainside near the [[Venezuela]]n border killing 143. 
-* 1988 - [[Eritrean War of Independence]]: The Nadew Command, an [[Ethiopia]]n army corps in [[Eritrea]], is attacked on three sides by military units of the [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]] (EPLF) in the opening action of the [[Battle of Afabet]]. 
-* [[1992]] - A suicide car-bomb kills 29 and injures 242 at the [[Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. 
-* [[2000]] - The 800+ deaths of members of the Ugandan cult [[Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God]] on March 17, 2000 is considered to be a mass murder and suicide orchestrated by leaders of the cult. 
-* [[2003]] - British Cabinet Minister [[Robin Cook]], resigns over government plans for [[2003 invasion of Iraq|war with Iraq]]. 
-* [[2004]] - [[Unrest in Kosovo]] results in more than 22 killed, 200 wounded, and the destruction of 35 [[Serb Orthodox]] shrines in [[Kosovo]] and two [[mosque]]s in [[Belgrade]] and [[Nis]]. 
- 
==Births== ==Births==
* [[1231]] - [[Emperor Shijō]] of Japan (d. [[1242]]) * [[1231]] - [[Emperor Shijō]] of Japan (d. [[1242]])

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