Lost Generation  

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-[[Image:Salut monde by Guillaume Apollinaire.jpg|thumb|left|200px|"[[Salut monde]]" by [[Guillaume Apollinaire]]]] 
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-For Americans in the 1920s and 1930s (including the so-called "[[Lost Generation]]"), part of the fascination with France was also linked to freedom from Prohibition. For African-Americans in the twentieth century (such as James Baldwin), France was also more accepting of race and permitted greater freedom (in a similar way, jazz was embraced by the French faster than in some areas in America). A similar sense of freedom from political oppression or from intolerance (such as anti-homosexual discrimination) has drawn other authors and writers to France. --http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature_of_the_20th_century [May 2006]+"I thought of [[Gertrude Stein|Miss Stein]] and [[Sherwood Anderson]] and egotism and mental laziness versus discipline and I thought 'who is calling who a [[Lost Generation|lost generation]]?'"--''[[A Moveable Feast]]'' (1964) by Ernest Hemingway
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-{{Template}} 
-'''French literature''' is, generally speaking, [[literature]] written in the [[French language]], particularly by citizens of [[France]]. For literature written in French by citizens of other [[Francophone]] nations see [[Francophone literature]]. 
- 
-During the 20th century, France was more [[permissive]] than other countries in terms of censorship, and many important foreign language novels were originally published in France while being banned in America: [[Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' (published by Sylvia Beach in Paris, 1922), Vladimir Nabokov's ''[[Lolita]]'' and William S. Burroughs's ''[[Naked Lunch]]'' (both published by Olympia Press), and Henry Miller's ''[[Tropic of Cancer]]'' (published by Obelisk Press). Additionally, Paris has been the home-in-exile to two American literary movements: the [[lost generation]] and the [[beat generation]].  
-== Selected list of French literary classics == 
-===Fiction=== 
-*[[Medieval French literature|Middle Ages]] 
-** anonymous - ''La Chanson de Roland'' (''[[The Song of Roland]]'')  
-** [[Chrétien de Troyes]] - ''Yvain ou le Chevalier au Lion'' (''[[Yvain, the Knight of the Lion]]''), ''Lancelot, ou le Chevalier à la charrette'' (''[[Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart]]'')  
-** various - ''Tristan et Iseult'' (''[[Tristan and Iseult]]'') 
-** anonymous - ''Lancelot-Graal'' ''([[Lancelot-Grail]])'', also known as the ''prose Lancelot'' or the ''Vulgate Cycle'' 
-** [[Guillaume de Lorris]] and [[Jean de Meung]] - ''[[Roman de la Rose]]'' ("Romance of the Rose") 
-* [[French Renaissance literature|16th century]] 
-** [[François Rabelais]] - ''[[Pantagruel]]'', ''[[Gargantua]]''  
-* [[French literature of the 17th century|17th century]] 
-** [[Madame de Lafayette]] - ''[[La Princesse de Clèves]]'' 
-* [[French literature of the 18th century|18th century]]  
-** [[Voltaire]] - ''[[Candide]]'' 
-** [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] - ''[[Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse]]'' 
-** [[Denis Diderot]] - ''[[Jacques le fataliste]]'' (''Jacques the Fatalist'') 
-* [[French literature of the 19th century|19th century]] 
-** [[Stendhal]] - ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' (''[[The Red and the Black]]''), ''La Chartreuse de Parme'' (''[[The Charterhouse of Parma]]'') 
-** [[Honoré de Balzac]] - ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' ("The Human Comedy", a novel cycle which includes ''Père Goriot'' and ''Eugénie Grandet'') 
-** [[Gustave Flaubert]] - ''[[Madame Bovary]]'', ''[[Salammbô (novel)|Salammbô]]'', ''L'Éducation sentimentale'' (''[[Sentimental Education]]'') 
-** [[Edmond de Goncourt|Edmond]] and [[Jules de Goncourt]] - ''Germinie Lacerteux'' 
-** [[Guy de Maupassant]] - ''[[Bel Ami]]'', ''La Parure'' (''[[The Necklace]]''), other short stories 
-** [[Émile Zola]] - ''[[Les Rougon-Macquart]]'' (a novel cycle which includes ''[[L'Assommoir]]'', ''[[Nana (novel)|Nana]]'' and ''[[Germinal (novel)|Germinal]]'') 
-** [[Victor Hugo]] - ''[[Les Misérables]]'' ([[1862]]) 
-** [[Alexandre Dumas]] - ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' 
-* [[French literature of the 20th century|20th century]] 
-** [[André Gide]] - ''Les Faux-monnayeurs'' (''[[The Counterfeiters]]''), ''[[The Immoralist]]'' 
-** [[Marcel Proust]] - ''À la recherche du temps perdu'' (''[[In Search of Lost Time]]'') 
-** [[André Breton]] - ''[[Nadja]]'' 
-** [[Louis-Ferdinand Céline]] - ''Voyage au bout de la nuit'' (''[[Journey to the End of the Night]]'') 
-** [[Colette]] - ''[[Gigi]]'' 
-** [[Jean Genet]] - ''[[Our_Lady_of_the_Flowers|Notre-Dame-des-Fleurs]]'' 
-** [[Albert Camus]] - ''L'Étranger'' '' ([[The Stranger (novel)|The Stranger]])'' 
-** [[Michel Butor]] - ''[[La Modification]]'' 
-** [[Marguerite Yourcenar]] - ''[[Mémoires d'Hadrien]]'' 
-** [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]] - ''Dans le labyrinthe'' 
-** [[Georges Perec]] - ''[[Life: A User's Manual|La vie mode d'emploi]]'' 
-** [[Robert Pinget]] - ''[[Passacaille]]'' 
- 
-===Poetry=== 
-* [[François Villon]] - ''[[Les Testaments]]'' 
-* [[Pierre de Ronsard]], [[Joachim du Bellay]] and other poets of "[[La Pléiade]]" - poems 
-* [[La Fontaine]] - ''The [[Fables]]'' 
-* [[Victor Hugo]] - ''Les Contemplations'' 
-* [[Alphonse de Lamartine]] - ''Méditations poétiques'' 
-* [[Charles Baudelaire]] - ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]'' 
-* [[Paul Verlaine]] - ''Jadis et naguère'' 
-* [[Arthur Rimbaud]] - ''[[Une Saison en Enfer]]'' 
-* [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] - ''Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard'' ("A Throw of the Dice Will Never Abolish Chance") 
-* [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] - ''Alcools'' 
-* [[Francis Ponge]]  
-* [[Raymond Queneau]] 
- 
-===Theater=== 
-* [[Pierre Corneille]] - ''[[Le Cid]]'', ''Horace'' 
-* [[Molière]] - ''[[Tartuffe]]'', ''[[The Misanthrope]]'', ''[[Dom Juan]]'', ''L'Avare'' (''[[The Miser]]''), ''[[Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme]]'', ''L'Ecole des femmes'' (''[[The School for Wives]]'') 
-* [[Jean Racine]] - ''[[Phèdre]]'', ''[[Andromaque]]'' 
-* [[Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux|Marivaux]] - ''Jeu de l'amour et du hasard'' 
-* [[Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais| Beaumarchais]] - ''Le Barbier de Séville'' (''[[The Barber of Seville (play)|The Barber of Seville]]''), ''La Folle journée, ou Le Mariage de Figaro'' ([[The Marriage of Figaro (play)|The Marriage of Figaro]]'') 
-* [[Edmond Rostand]] - ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac]]'' 
-* [[Jean Giraudoux]] - ''[[The Trojan war will not take place|The Trojan War Will Not Take Place]]'' 
-* [[Jean Anouilh]] - ''[[Becket]]'', ''[[Antigone (Anouilh play)|Antigone]]'' 
-* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] - ''[[No Exit]]'' 
-* [[Samuel Beckett]] - ''[[Waiting for Godot]]'', ''[[Endgame (play)|Endgame]]'' 
-* [[Eugène Ionesco]] - ''[[The Bald Soprano]]'', ''[[Rhinoceros (play)|Rhinoceros]]'' 
-* [[Jean Genet]] - ''[[The Maids]]'', ''The Blacks'' 
- 
-===Non-fiction=== 
-* [[Michel de Montaigne]] - ''[[Essays (Montaigne)|The Essays]]'' 
-* [[Blaise Pascal]] - ''[[Pensées|Les Pensées]]'' 
-* [[François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)|François de La Rochefoucauld]] - ''The Maxims'' 
-* [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] - ''[[Discourse on the Arts and Sciences]]'', ''[[Social Contract (Rousseau)|The Social Contract]]'' 
-* [[François-René de Chateaubriand]] - ''[[Génie du christianisme|Genius of Christianity]]'', ''[[Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe|Memoirs from Beyond Grave]]'' 
-* [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] - ''[[Democracy in America]]'' 
-* [[Jules Michelet]] - ''Histoire de France'', ''La Sorcière'' 
-* [[Albert Camus]] - ''[[The Myth of Sisyphus]]'' 
-* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] - ''[[Existentialism is a Humanism]]'', ''[[Being and Nothingness]]'' 
- 
-== Literary criticism == 
-*[[Roland Barthes]] 
-*[[Paul Bénichou]] 
-*[[Jacques Derrida]] 
-*[[Julia Kristeva]] 
-*[[Jacques Lacan]] 
-*[[Jean-François Lyotard]] 
- 
-== Poetry == 
-:''Main article: [[French poetry]]'' 
-*[[Parnassian]] 
-*[[Romanticism]] 
-*[[Symbolism (arts)]] 
-*[[Surrealism]] 
- 
-== See also ==  
-* [[French culture]] 
-* [[French art]] 
-* [[List of French language authors]] 
-* [[List of French language poets]] 
-* [[French science fiction]] 
-* [[Fantastique]] 
-*[[The Women of the French Salons ]] 
-*[[Cabinet de lecture: A History of French Reading Rooms]] 
-*''[[Les Cent nouvelles nouvelles]]'' 
- 
-== We like == 
-[[Abbé Prévost]] - [[Guillaume Apollinaire]] - [[Georges Bataille]] - [[Sylvia Beach]] - [[Jean de Berg]] - [[Honoré de Balzac]] - [[Charles Baudelaire]] - [[Maurice Blanchot]] - [[André Breton]] - [[Jean-Pierre Brisset]] - [[Restif de la Bretonne ]] - [[Albert Camus]] - [[Céline]] - [[Robert Desnos]] - [[Régine Deforges]] - [[Denis Diderot]] - [[Alexandre Dumas]] - [[Paul Eluard]] - [[Gustave Flaubert]] - [[Serge Gainsbourg]] - [[Théophile Gautier]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]] - [[Michel Houellebecq]] - [[Victor Hugo]] - [[Joris Karl Huysmans]] - [[Alfred Jarry]] - [[Pierre Klossowski]] - [[Lautréamont]] - [[Gaston Leroux]] - [[Pierre Louÿs]] - [[André Pieyre de Mandiargues]] - [[Guy de Maupassant]] - [[Octave Mirbeau]] - [[Nerciat]] - [[Georges Perec]] - [[Pauvert]] - [[Marcel Proust]] - [[Raymond Queneau]] - [[Rachilde]] - [[Raymond Radiguet]] - [[Pauline Réage]] - [[Raymond Roussel]] - [[Marquis de Sade]] - [[Georges Simenon]] - [[Paul Valéry]] - [[Jules Verne]] - [[Théophile de Viau ]] - [[Voltaire]] - [[Emile Zola]] 
-==See also== 
-*[[French literature of the 20th century]] 
-*[[Roman populaire]] 
- 
- 
-{{GFDL}} 
- 
{{Template}} {{Template}}

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"I thought of Miss Stein and Sherwood Anderson and egotism and mental laziness versus discipline and I thought 'who is calling who a lost generation?'"--A Moveable Feast (1964) by Ernest Hemingway

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The "Lost Generation" is a term used to refer to the generation, actually a cohort, that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was then his mentor and patron.

In A Moveable Feast, which was published after both Hemingway and Stein were dead and after a literary feud that lasted much of their life, Hemingway reveals that the phrase was actually originated by the garage owner who serviced Stein's car. When a young mechanic failed to repair the car in a way satisfactory to Stein, the garage owner shouted at the boy, "You are all a "génération perdue." Stein, in telling Hemingway the story, added, "That is what you are. That's what you all are ... all of you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation." This generation included distinguished artists such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, T. S. Eliot, John Dos Passos, Waldo Peirce, Isadora Duncan, Abraham Walkowitz, Alan Seeger, and Erich Maria Remarque.

In literature

The term originated with Gertrude Stein who, after being unimpressed by the skills of a young car mechanic, asked the garage owner where the young man had been trained. The garage owner told her that while young men were easy to train, it was those in their mid-twenties to thirties, the men who had been through World War I, whom he considered a "lost generation" — une génération perdue.

The 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises popularized the term, as Hemingway used it as an epigraph. The novel serves to epitomize the post-war expatriate generation. However, Hemingway himself later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever"; he believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost.

In his memoir A Moveable Feast, published after his death, he writes "I tried to balance Miss Stein's quotation from the garage owner with one from Ecclesiastes." A few lines later, recalling the risks and losses of the war, he adds: "I thought of Miss Stein and Sherwood Anderson and egotism and mental laziness versus discipline and I thought 'who is calling who a lost generation?'"

Other uses

Variously, the term is used for the period from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression, though in the United States it is used for the generation of young people who came of age during and shortly after World War I, alternatively known as the World War I generation. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, well known for their generational theory, define the Lost Generation as the cohorts born from 1883 to 1900, who came of age during World War I and the roaring twenties. In Europe, they are mostly known as the "Generation of 1914," for the year World War I began. In France, the country in which many expatriates settled, they were sometimes called the Génération au Feu, the "generation in flames."

In Britain the term was originally used for those who died in the war, and often implicitly referred to upper-class casualties who were perceived to have died disproportionately, robbing the country of a future elite. Many felt "that 'the flower of youth' and the 'best of the nation' had been destroyed," for example such notable casualties as the poets Isaac Rosenberg, Rupert Brooke, and Wilfred Owen, composer George Butterworth and physicist Henry Moseley. In the late-2000s recession, the phrase is often used when discussing the high level of youth unemployment.

See




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Lost Generation" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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