Long March
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| - | '''The long march through the institutions''' (der lange Marsch durch die Institutionen) is a slogan coined by student activist [[Rudi Dutschke]] to describe his strategy for establishing the conditions for revolution: subverting society by infiltrating institutions such as the professions. The phrase "long march" is a reference to the prolonged struggle of the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese communists]], which included a physical [[Long March]] of their army across China. | + | The '''Long March''' (October 1934 – October 1935) was a military retreat undertaken by the [[Chinese Red Army|Red Army]] of the [[Communist Party of China]], the forerunner of the [[People's Liberation Army]], to evade the pursuit of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) army. There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. The best known is the march from [[Jiangxi]] province which began in October 1934. The First Front Army of the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]], led by an inexperienced military commission, was on the brink of annihilation by [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s troops in their stronghold in Jiangxi province. The Communists, under the eventual command of [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhou Enlai]], escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed over 9,000 kilometers (5600 miles) over 370 days. |
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| - | ==Influences== | + | |
| - | The main influence on Dutschke's thinking is commonly thought to be the work of Italian communist [[Antonio Gramsci]] who, while imprisoned by [[Mussolini]], wrote about [[cultural hegemony]] and the need for a "war of position" to establish the conditions for a revolutionary "war of manoeuvre". Degroot also identifies [[Ernst Bloch]] as a major influence. Bloch met Dutschke at [[Bad Boll]] in 1968 and admired his integrity and determination – qualities which he had written about in [[The Principle of Hope|''Das Prinzip Hoffnung'' (The Principle of Hope)]] as being essential for the achievement of [[utopia]]. | + | |
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| - | [[Herbert Marcuse]] corresponded with Dutschke in 1971 to agree with this strategy, "Let me tell you this: that I regard your notion of the 'long march through the institutions' as the only effective way..." In his 1972 book, ''[[Counterrevolution and Revolt]]'', Marcuse wrote | + | |
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| - | :To extend the base of the student movement, Rudi Dutschke has proposed the strategy of the ''long march through the institutions'': working against the established institutions while working within them, but not simply by 'boring from within', rather by 'doing the job', learning (how to program and read computers, how to teach at all levels of education, how to use the mass media, how to organize production, how to recognize and eschew planned obsolescence, how to design, et cetera), and at the same time preserving one's own consciousness in working with others. | + | |
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| - | ==Outcome== | + | |
| - | As a result of the conditions after the Second World War, including the [[baby boom]], the [[Cold War]] and the [[sexual revolution]], a [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counter culture]] developed in the 1960s which culminated in the [[protests of 1968]]. That young generation then became established in the institutions of society which then reflected their views but, in western societies, this did not immediately result in full-scale revolution. | + | |
| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | * [[Entryism]] | + | |
| - | * [[Fifth column]] | + | |
| - | * [[Paradigm shift]] | + | |
| - | * [[Vanguardism]] | + | |
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The Long March (October 1934 – October 1935) was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) army. There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west. The best known is the march from Jiangxi province which began in October 1934. The First Front Army of the Chinese Soviet Republic, led by an inexperienced military commission, was on the brink of annihilation by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's troops in their stronghold in Jiangxi province. The Communists, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed over 9,000 kilometers (5600 miles) over 370 days.
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