List of anthropogenic disasters by death toll

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This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. It covers the name of the event, the location and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

1 Wars and armed conflicts with highest estimated death tolls of 100,000 or more
2 War crimes, massacres and ancient war atrocities
3 Genocides, ethnic cleansing, and mass ethnic and/or religious persecution
4 Political purges and repressions
5 Forced labor, abuse of workers, and slave trades
6 Anthropogenically exacerbated famines and disease outbreaks
7 Anthropogenically exacerbated floods and landslides
8 Human sacrifice and suicide
9 Riots and political unrest
10 List of prisons, concentration, and extermination camps by death toll
11 List of political leaders and regimes by death toll
12 See also

Wars and armed conflicts with highest estimated death tolls of 100,000 or more

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This section list all wars in which the highest estimated casualties exceed 100,000, this includes deaths of both soldiers and civilians, from causes both directly and indirectly caused by the war, including combat, disease, famine, massacres and genocide.Template:Expand list

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180">Template:Citation</ref>	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes, see also
World War II	[[World War II casualties\|Template:Nts]]	Template:Nts<ref name="Fink">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Nts	Worldwide	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Ntsh 6 years and 1 day	See also: World War II casualties.
Three Kingdoms	36,000,000	40,000,000	37,947,332	China	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts years	Academically, the period of the Three Kingdoms refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 and the conquest of the state of Wu by the Jin dynasty in 280. The earlier, "unofficial" part of the period, from 184 to 220, was marked by chaotic infighting between warlords in various parts of China. Template:See also
Mongol conquests	Template:Nts<ref name="White">The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, pg. 622, cited by White</ref><wbr />Template:Unreliable source?	Template:Nts<wbr />Template:Citation needed	Template:Nts	Eurasia	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts years	See also: Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire
European colonization of the Americas	Template:Nts<ref name="BXScience">{{ if: {{#if: http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf \| {{#if: Pre-Columbian Population \|1}}}}	Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified }}{{ if:	{{#if: \|1}}}}	Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted }} }}{{#if:	{{#if:	[[{{{authorlink}}}\|{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }}]]	{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }} }} }}{{#if:	; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: \| {{#if:	({{{date}}})	{{#if:	{{#if:	({{{month}}} {{{year}}})	({{{year}}}) }} }}

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}}, U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive; accessed 10 April 2007</ref> |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Sudan |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Template:Nts years |First Sudanese Civil War |- |Qin's wars of unification |Template:Nts |Template:Nts<ref>Template:YouTube</ref> |Template:Nts |China |Template:Ntsh 230 BC |Template:Ntsh 221 BC |Template:Nts years |See also: History of China<ref>Derk Bodde, China's First Unifier: A Study in the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu, 280? – 208 BC, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967, pp. 5–6.</ref><ref>Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230–221 BC, Warlords of China, 700 BC to AD 1662, London: Arms and Armour, 1998, pg. 59.</ref> |- |Korean War |Template:Nts<ref name="Lacina/Gleditsch">Template:Cite journal</ref> |Template:Nts<ref name="Lacina/Gleditsch" /> |Template:Nts |Korean Peninsula |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Template:Nts years | Categorized as part of the Cold War. |- |Seven Years' War |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Worldwide |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Template:Nts years | |- |Soviet–Afghan War |Template:Nts<ref name="whiteafghan">{{

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War crimes, massacres and ancient war atrocities

This section lists non-combatant deaths during wars that were committed or caused by military or quasi-military forces. They may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political groups but are usually part of a military strategy that disregards civilian lives, or they may be arbitrary acts of cruelty.Template:Expand list

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180" />	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
War crimes during World War II	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years	See also: World War II casualties.
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}}</ref> ||Template:Nts<ref name="educationforum.ipbhost.com">Template:Cite news</ref> ||Template:Nts ||In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific ||1937 ||1945 |8 years ||Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust<ref name="nyt-1999">Template:Cite news</ref> and Japanese war atrocities.<ref name="bbc-1997">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-1992">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="archives.gov">{{

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}}</ref> Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.Template:Citation needed |- ||Three Alls Policy ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||China ||1940 ||1942 |2 years ||In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China, sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.Template:Citation needed |- ||War crimes during the Chinese Civil War ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts<ref name=":8">Valentino, Benjamin A. Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Cornell University Press, page 88, December 8, 2005.</ref> ||Template:Nts ||China ||1927 ||1950 |23 years ||During the war, both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.<ref name=":9">Rummel, Rudolph (1994), Death by Government.</ref> |- ||War crimes during the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Sudan ||1956 ||2005 |49 years ||<ref name=":10">{{

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}}</ref> |- ||War crimes during the Soviet–Afghan War ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Afghanistan ||1979 ||1989 |10 years ||Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet Invasion as a genocide, however those killed were on the basis of political alignment making it a politicide. <ref name="Khalidi">Noor Ahmad Khalidi, "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–87," Central Asian Survey, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">Marek Sliwiński, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People", Orbis (Winter, 1989), pg. 39.</ref> |- ||War crimes of Zhang Xianzhong ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts<ref name=":11">Template:Cite book from J.B. Parsons, The Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty (University of Arizona Press), 1970.</ref> ||Template:Nts ||Sichuan, China ||1644 ||1646 |2 years ||Committed during a bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.Template:Citation needed |- ||War crimes during Warlord Era China ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||China ||1900 ||1927 |27 years ||<ref name=":12">{{

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Death toll may include non-civilian victims. |- ||War crimes during the Philippine–American War ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Philippines ||1899 ||1902 |3 years ||<ref name="reCasualties">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="Smallman-Raynor">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="burdeos2008p14casualties">Template:Harvnb</ref>Template:Efn |- |Manila Massacre||Template:Nts||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts||Manila, Philippines||Template:Nts||Template:Nts |1 month||<ref name=":17">{{

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}}</ref> civilians killed on both sides, plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide. |- ||War crimes committed by South Vietnam during the Diem era and Vietnam War ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Vietnam ||1954 ||1975 |21 years ||<ref name="Rummel, Rudolph 1997">Rummel, Rudolph, "Statistics of Vietnamese Democide", Statistics of Democide, 1997.</ref> |- ||War crimes during the Syrian Civil War ||Template:Nts ||110,218 ||Template:Nts ||Syria ||2011 ||present |7 years ||See also: List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War |- ||War crimes of the Viet Cong ||Template:Nts<ref name="Lewy">Template:Cite book</ref> ||Template:Nts<ref name="Statistics of Vietnamese Democide">Rummel, Rudolph (1997), Statistics of Vietnamese Democide, in his Statistics of Democide, Table 6.1A, line 467 & Table 6.1B, lines 675, 730, 749–51.</ref> ||Template:Nts ||Vietnam ||1955 ||1975 |20 years |- ||War crimes during the Second Italo-Senussi War ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts |Template:Nts ||Libya ||1923 ||1932 |9 years ||Specific war crimes alleged to have been committed by the Italian armed forces against civilians include deliberate bombing of civilians, killing unarmed children, women, and the elderly; rape and disembowelment of women; throwing prisoners out of aircraft to their death, running over others with tanks, regular daily executions of civilians in some areas, and bombing tribal villages with mustard gas bombs, beginning in 1930.Template:Citation needed |- ||War crimes of the Lord's Resistance Army ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Uganda, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo ||1986 ||2009 |23 years ||The Guardian reported in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.Template:Citation needed |- ||War crimes of the National Islamic Front ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Sudan ||1964 ||1999 |35 years ||Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.<ref name="jstor">Template:Cite journal</ref> |- ||War crimes during the Papua conflict ||Template:Nts<ref name=":32">{{

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}}</ref> |- |September 11 attacks ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||United States ||11 September 2001 ||11 September 2001 |1 day ||<ref name=":61">Template:Cite news</ref> |- ||War crimes during the War in Donbass ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Donbass, Ukraine ||2014 ||present |4 years ||<ref name=":62">Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine Issue 11" (PDF), OHCHR, 9 July 2016; retrieved 4 March 2018.</ref> |- ||Sabra and Shatila massacre ||Template:Nts<ref name=":63">[1] Template:Webarchive</ref> ||Template:Nts<ref name=":64">Template:Cite news</ref> ||Template:Nts ||West Beirut, Lebanon ||September 16, 1982 ||September 18, 1982 |2 days ||Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians. |- ||Fort Pillow massacre ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Lauderdale County, Tennessee ||April 12, 1864 ||April 12, 1864 |1 day ||Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. U.S. dead includes those both killed in combat and murdered by the Confederates afterwards. |- ||Lawrence massacre ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Douglas County, Kansas ||August 21, 1863 ||August 21, 1863 |1 day ||Death toll includes both U.S. and Confederate dead. Deadliest terrorist attack in U.S. history until the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995. |- |}

Genocides, ethnic cleansing, and mass ethnic and/or religious persecution

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Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180" />	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
World War II casualties of the Soviet Union	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	German-occupied Europe and Russia	1939	1945	6 years	Germany's extermination of Slavic peoples and citizens of the Soviet Union. Figure given is both as intentional genocide and overall civilian war casualties.
Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas	518,933Template:Citation needed	138,000,000<ref name="American Philosophy 1491"/>	8,462,432	North and South America	1492	1996<ref name="cbc.ca">{{ if: {{#if: http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/residential-school-deaths-report-1.3365319 \| {{#if: 341 students died at Northern residential schools – CBC News \|1}}}}	Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified }}{{ if:	{{#if: \|1}}}}	Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted }} }}{{#if:	{{#if:	[[{{{authorlink}}}\|{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }}]]	{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }} }} }}{{#if:	; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: \| {{#if:	({{{date}}})	{{#if:	{{#if:	({{{month}}} {{{year}}})	({{{year}}}) }} }}

}}</ref> |504 years |While the overall toll of man made deaths of Amerindians is unknown, there have been a few known events in which many Amerindians perished. Thousands to millions more killed in forced labor, wars and massacres; Covers both North and South America Unknown number of Apache killed for bounty

See also: Spanish colonization of the Americas, Encomienda system, Mexican Indian Wars, List of Indian massacres |- ||Japanese war crimes ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts<ref name="ReferenceE">" Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources R.J. Rummel" STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Charlottesville, Virginia: Center for National Security Law, School of Law, University of Virginia, 1997 retrieved 2018</ref> ||East Asia ||1937 ||1945 |8 years ||The systematic mass murders directed towards Korean and Chinese civilians by Japan and its puppet states. Most people were killed by forced labor, guns, bayonets,<ref name="ReferenceE" /> and biological weapons.<ref>Lockwood, Jeffrey A. "Six-legged soldiers", The Scientist, October 24, 2008, accessed December 23, 2008</ref> A small number of people were also killed by human experiments inside unit 731.<ref>{{

}}</ref> Japan's reasons for this were it was an enslavement policy towards subjugated peoples, a belief in the superior Japanese race, and a strong belief in superior Japanese values and State Shinto.

Not organized in the same effective way as the holocaust, but more people inside the army took part in the atrocities committed, such as two Japanese soldiers that had a competition about who could murder the most Chinese civilians being described as heroes inside Japanese papers.<ref>Takashi Yoshida. The making of the "Rape of Nanking". 2006, page 64</ref> |- |Soviet famine of 1932–33 |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Soviet Union |1932 |1933 |1 year |The majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations, including Ukraine, regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine, known as the Holodomor.<ref name=":1">"Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust – Eric Margolis". www.ukemonde.com. Retrieved 2016-01-05.</ref><ref name=":2">Stanislav Kulchytsky, "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933", Zerkalo Nedeli, 23–29 November 2002. Available online in Russian at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 July 2006) and in Ukrainian at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 May 2006)</ref><ref name=":3">Stalislav Kulchytsky, "Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century" at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 July 2006), Zerkalo Nedeli, 2–8 October 2004 (in Russian), and (in Ukrainian) at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 March 2007)</ref><ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Ellman">Michael Ellman Template:Webarchive, "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited"' Europe-Asia Studies, Routledge. Vol. 59, No. 4, June 2007, pp. 663–693. PDF file.</ref><ref name=":5">Snyder 2010, p. 53. "One demographic retrojection suggests a figure of 2.5 million famine deaths for Soviet Ukraine. This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2.4 million. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine, provides the figure of 3.9 million dead. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933".</ref><ref name=":6">David R. Marples. Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. p.50</ref><ref name=":7">Alexander J.Motyl. "Deleting the Holodomor: Ukraine Unmakes Itself". World Affairs.</ref>

2 million: Elsewhere |- ||The Holocaust||Template:Nts<ref>Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945, New York: Beechhurst Press. Review by Friedman, Philip (1954). "Review of The Final Solution". Jewish Social Studies 16 (2): 186–89. Template:JSTOR. See also a review by Hyamson, Albert M. (1953). "Review of The Final Solution". International Affairs 29 (4): 494–95. Template:JSTOR</ref> ||Template:Nts<ref>"How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?". Yad Vashem. (FAQs about the Holocaust).</ref><ref>"The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". JVL. Retrieved November 2013.</ref> ||Template:Nts ||German-occupied Europe ||1941 ||1945 |4 years ||The systematic and bureaucratic genocide of European Jews by Germany and its puppet states. |- ||Holodomor ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts Template:Citation needed ||Template:Nts ||Ukraine ||1932 ||1933 |1 year ||The term "Ukrainian Genocide" usually refers to the man-made famine of 1932 through 1933, called the Holodomor, in which the grain of Ukrainians was confiscated to the point where they could not survive off the amount of grain they had, and were also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a Gulag camp. The term also includes the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge, especially the Orthodox Church.

Data from after the opening of the Soviet archives records deaths at 2.4 to 7.5 million in famine, 300,000 during the purge, and 1,100 from the Law of Spikelets.

}}</ref> ||Template:Nts<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia". In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.</ref> ||Template:Nts ||Democratic Kampuchea ||1975 ||1979 |4 years ||Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, including both killings of ethnic Khmer (the majority ethnic group) as well as a genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.Template:Citation needed
Samuel Totten argues the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer, and the Khmer were killed more in proportion to their population than other victims of the Khmer Rouge, making it more of a politicide.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

}}</ref>Template:Unreliable source? – Part of the Genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas |- ||Occupation of Tibet ||Template:Nts<ref>Smith 1997, pp. 600–01 n. 8</ref> ||Template:Nts<ref name="Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts">"Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts". Template:Webarchive, The Department of Information and International Relations: Central Tibetan Administration, 1996. pg. 53</ref> ||Template:Nts ||Tibet ||1950 ||present |68 years ||In 1960, the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began.Template:Full citation needed The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the Soviets, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.<ref>Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011.</ref>Template:Quote needed |- ||Persecution of Hazara people ||Template:Ntsh? ||Template:Ntsh? ||Template:Nts (rough estimate)<ref>897,000 Circassians were deported and killed in an event similar in time period and method to this one and of those about 45% died. (Template:Cite news) If this is applied to the median of the following rough estimates and then rounded up (since this a very rough estimate anyway) we end up with a very rough estimate of 390,000 killed.

– Part of the Cambodian genocide |- ||Massacres of Hutu refugees during the First Congo War ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts<ref>CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998".</ref> ||Template:Nts ||Zaire ||1996 ||1997 |1 year ||During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred;<ref>Reyntjens, Filip. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. pg. 100</ref> however, Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces.<ref name="amnesty1998">"Democratic Republic of Congo. An long-standing crisis spinning out of control". . Amnesty International, September 3, 1998, pg. 9. AI Index: AFR 62/33/98.</ref> The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report.Template:Citation needed |- ||Extermination of the Wu Hu ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Northern China ||350 ||351 |1 year ||Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei–Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.<ref>《晉書·卷一百七》 Jin Shu Original text 閔躬率趙人誅諸胡羯，無貴賤男女少長皆斬之，死者二十余萬，屍諸城外，悉為野犬豺狼所食。屯據四方者，所在承閔書誅之，于時高鼻多須至有濫死者半。</ref> |- ||Cromwellian conquest of Ireland ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Ireland ||1649 ||1653 |4 years ||The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland.<ref>John Morley, Biography of Oliver Cromwell, p. 298. published 1900 and 2001; Template:ISBN "Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland. Of course, his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England." {{

}} From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "... making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history"; accessed March 2007. {{

}}</ref> resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.<ref name="Defert, Gabriel 1992" /><ref>Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor, Human Rights Watch, New York, 1989, p. 253</ref><ref name="yale-university.org">{{

}}</ref> |- ||Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia ||Template:Nts<ref>The Reconstruction of Nations, 2004</ref><ref>W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach, 2009, page 13</ref><ref>Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pp. 447–448</ref> ||Template:Nts<ref>Terles in Ethnic Cleansing, p. 61
Czesław Partacz, Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946
Lucyna Kulińska "Dzieci Kresów III", Kraków 2009, p. 467
Józef Turowski, Władysław Siemaszko: Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945. Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie, 1990 Hochspringen ↑ Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko [2000]: Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945. Borowiecky, Warszawa 2000; Template:ISBN, S. 1056.</ref> ||Template:Nts ||Volhyn and Eastern Galicia ||1943 ||1944 |1 year ||Genocide<ref>{{

}}</ref>Template:Unreliable source? |- |British concentration camps during the Second Boer War |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Template:Nts |Transvaal |1900 |1902 |2 years |Lord Kitchener led the British army against the Boer Republics in the Second Boer War in Southern Africa. In an attempt to pacify Boer guerrillas, he targeted their families, and 116,000 Boer women and children were captured and jailed by the British, Within 2 years, 22,074 children died and 4,177 women died due to deliberate neglect by the British. 115,000 black people were separately jailed, of whom 15,000 died in prison camps.<ref name="46 black people died in the black concentration camps">{{

}}</ref><ref>Roger Kaplan, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, pg. 564</ref><ref>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pg. 174.</ref><ref>Michael Bourdeaux, The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, pg. 238.</ref> also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia",<ref name="ReferenceA">Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow, Gothic Image Publications, 1994.</ref><ref>Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Soviet Union, Svante E. Cornell</ref> and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"<ref>Tamaz Nadareishvili, Conspiracy Against Georgia, Tbilisi, 2002.</ref> Refers to ethnic cleansing,<ref>Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, pg. 230.</ref> massacres<ref>Gary K. Bertsch, Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, pg. 161.</ref> and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians |- ||Dersim Massacre ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Dersim, Turkey ||1937 ||1937 |8 months ||The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province.<ref name="Dersim 38 Conference">{{

}}</ref><ref name="GD">Birinci Genel Müfettişlik Bölgesi, Güney Doğu, İstanbul, pp. 66, 194. Template:Tr icon; accessed August 2, 2018.</ref> The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government.<ref>{{

}}</ref> As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas<ref>{{

}}{{#if: 6,000 children died in these schools. Some evidence puts the casualties at three times that number.

}}</ref><ref name="cbc.ca" /><ref name="Tasker" /><ref name="Smith" /><ref name="auto7">{{

}}{{#if: Celebrating genocide is not what most would consider a modern Canadian value. While use of the term "genocide" to describe Canada's treatment of Indigenous peoples has created a great deal of debate, there has always been a recognition that, at minimum, Canada was guilty of "cultural genocide," even if individuals couldn't bring themselves to accept more sinister intentions. Former prime minister Paul Martin told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) that it was time to call the residential schools policy what it was: "cultural genocide." Supreme Court of Canada Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin weighed in on Canada's dismal human rights record, saying that residential schools were attempts to commit "cultural genocide" against Indigenous peoples.

Political purges and repressions

This section lists events that entail the mass killings of political opposition (such as those of certain ideology, class or political persuasion).Template:Expand list

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180" />	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong	Template:Nts	Template:Nts Template:Citation needed	Template:Nts	People's Republic of China	1947	1951	4 years	Millions of landlords were killed during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies.<ref name="Rummel223">Template:Cite book</ref> See also: Struggle session
Cultural Revolution	Template:Nts<ref name="Maurice Meisner 1999 354">Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Nts<ref>Template:Citation</ref>	Template:Nts	People's Republic of China	1966	1976	10 years	The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. See also: Struggle session
Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66	Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Nts<ref>Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, December 21, 2012; retrieved January 24, 2016. Template:Cite book "Blumenthal80">Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; Template:ISBN, pg. 80.</ref>	Template:Nts	Indonesia	1965	1966	1 year	Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965–66 by the Indonesian Army and associated death squads with support from Western powers such as the United States.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Death tolls are difficult to estimate,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but it is widely accepted by scholars that roughly 1 million people were killed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries	Template:Nts<ref name="Yang Kuisong">Template:Cite journal Template:Paywall summary at China Change blog</ref>	Template:Nts<ref>Maurice Meisner. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition, Free Press, 1999. Template:ISBN, pg. 72: "...the estimate of many relatively impartial observers that there were 2,000,000 people executed during the first three years of the People's Republic is probably as accurate a guess as one can make on the basis of scanty information." Template:Cite book "Mao's Killing Quotas">{{ if: {{#if: http://hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2005/CRF-2005-4_Quota.pdf \| {{#if: Mao's "Killing Quotas." Human Rights in China (HRIC), 26 September 2005, at Shandong University \|1}}}}	Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified }}{{ if: https://web.archive.org/web/20090729194758/http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2005/CRF-2005-4_Quota.pdf29 July 2009	{{#if: 29 July 2009 \|1}}}}	Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted }} }}{{#if: Changyu	{{#if:	[[{{{authorlink}}}\|{{#if: Changyu	, Li }}	{{{author}}} }}]]	{{#if: Changyu	, Li }}	{{{author}}} }} }} }}{{#if: Changyu	; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: Changyu\| {{#if:	({{{date}}})	{{#if:	{{#if:	({{{month}}} {{{year}}})	({{{year}}}) }} }}

}}</ref> ||Template:Nts||People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|| 1977 || 1978 |1 year|| Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia.<ref>Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988).</ref><ref>Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996)</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="US admits helping Mengistu escape">Riccardo Orizio, US admits helping Mengistu escape, BBC, 22 December 1999.</ref><ref>Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators, pg 151.</ref> |- ||Bodo League Massacre ||Template:Nts<ref>Paul M. Edwards, Historical Dictionary of the Korean War, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 32, entry "Bodo League Massacre"</ref> ||Template:Nts Template:Sfn ||Template:Nts ||Korea ||1950 ||1950 |? ||Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of Korean War. |- |Nazi suppression of the Freemasons||Template:Nts<ref name="holocaust">Template:Cite book</ref>||Template:Nts<ref name="holocaust" /> ||Template:Nts||Nazi occupied territory || 1933 || 1945 |12 years|| The Nazis targeted Freemasons as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish conspiracy. Template:See also |- |Red Terror||Template:Nts<ref>Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. pg. 114; Template:ISBN</ref>||Template:Nts<ref name="szaszdi">Template:Cite book</ref> ||Template:Nts|| Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War|| 1918 || 1922 |4 years|| Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. |- ||1991 uprisings in Iraq ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Iraq ||March the 1st, 1991 ||April the 5th, 1991 |1 month and 4 days ||The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.<ref>{{

}}</ref> ||Template:Nts||South America|| 1975 || 1983 |8 years|| A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States.<ref name="McSherry">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |- |Red Terror (Spain)||Template:Nts<ref>Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87</ref>||Template:Nts<ref name="Dela">de la Cueva, Julio, "Religious Persecution", Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 198, pp. 355–69. Template:Jstor</ref> ||Template:Nts||Spain during the Spanish Civil War|| 1936 || 1939 |3 years|| The Red Terror in Spain (Template:Lang-es)<ref>Julian Casanova, Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp. 105–06, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010; Template:ISBN</ref> is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".<ref>Beevor, Antony (2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pg. 81.</ref> |- |Land Reform in Vietnam||Template:Nts<ref name="lib.washington.edu">Moise, pp. 205–22; "Newly released documents on the land reform", Vietnam Studies Group. {{

Forced labor, abuse of workers, and slave trades

This section lists deaths caused by poor labor conditions, executions for not performing labor satisfactorily, and deaths caused by mistreatment of the workforce both in transit and at work locations.Template:Expand list

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180" />	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Atlantic Slave Trade	Template:Nts<ref name="remilitari">{{ if: {{#if: http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario.htm \| {{#if: Victimario Histórico Militar \|1}}}}	Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified }}{{ if:	{{#if: \|1}}}}	Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted }} }}{{#if:	{{#if:	[[{{{authorlink}}}\|{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }}]]	{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }} }} }}{{#if:	; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: \| {{#if:	({{{date}}})	{{#if:	{{#if:	({{{month}}} {{{year}}})	({{{year}}}) }} }}

}}</ref> Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.Template:Citation needed |- ||Slavery in the Ottoman Empire ||Template:Nts<ref>Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800.</ref><ref>The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804.</ref> ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Eurasia, Middle East, North Africa ||1450 ||1800 |350 years ||There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade. The method many people use is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. Scholars estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. Includes Barbary Slave Trade.Template:Citation needed |- ||Atrocities in the Congo Free State ||Template:Nts Template:Efn ||Template:Nts Template:Sfn ||Template:Nts ||Congo Free State||Template:Nts||Template:Nts |23 years||Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.<ref name="Hochschild 1999">Hochschild, Adam (1999), pp. 226–32, King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; Template:ISBN</ref> Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.<ref name="Hochschild p.226–232">Hochschild, pp. 226–32.</ref> |- ||Arab slave trade ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa ||1500s ||1700s |200 years ||<ref name="remilitari" /> |- ||Gulag system ||Template:Nts<ref>Pool, The Stalinist Penal System, pg. 131</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> ||Template:Nts<ref>Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag, Yale University Press.</ref> ||Template:Nts ||Soviet Union ||1930s ||1950s |20 years ||Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war.Template:Citation needed There is a growing consensus among scholars that, based on archival data, the number of deaths in the gulag system fall within the range 1.5 to 1.7 million.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust. Routledge, 2009. Template:ISBN pg. 67 "...more complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537"; pg 77: "The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953." </ref> |- ||Forced labor in North Korea ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||Template:Nts ||North Korea ||1972 ||ongoing |46 years ||<ref>Black Book of Communism, pg. 564.</ref><ref name="mooncuddles">{{

}}{{#if: North Korea runs massive prison camps that hold between 80,000 and 120,000 political prisoners, according to a United Nations inquiry that compiled evidence of a raft of crimes against humanity. The UN commission cited 'extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation'.

Event	Victims	Country	Locale(s)	Date
Partition of India and Pakistan	Template:Ntsh200,000–2,000,000	British India	Punjab and Bengal	Template:Nts
La Violencia	Template:Ntsh200,000–300,000	Colombia	Country-wide	Template:Nts–1960
1959 Tibetan uprising	Template:Ntsh85,000–87,000	Tibet, China	Lhasa	Template:Nts
Nika riots	Template:Nts	Byzantium	Constantinople	Template:Ntsh532
La semaine sanglante	Template:Ntsh6,667–20,000	France	Paris	Template:Nts
February 28 Incident	Template:Ntsh10,000–30,000	China	Taiwan	Template:Nts
Jeju Uprising	Template:Ntsh14,000–30,000	Southern Korea, present-day South Korea	Jeju island	Template:Nts
August Uprising	Template:Ntsh13,000–15,500	Georgia		Template:Nts
1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising	Template:Ntsh10,000–40,000	El Salvador		Template:Nts
Romanian Peasants' Revolt	Template:Ntsh10,000–20,000	Romania		Template:Nts
Kronstadt rebellion	Template:Nts	Russia	Kronstadt	Template:Nts
1984 anti-Sikh riots	Template:Ntsh2,800–8,000	India	New Delhi	Template:Nts
March 1st Movement	Template:Nts	Japanese Korea, present-day South Korea	Seoul	Template:Nts
Second Intifada	Template:Ntsh4,179–4,354	Israel/Palestinian territories		Template:Nts–2005
Pitchfork Uprising	Template:Nts	Russia		Template:Nts
Iranian Revolution<ref name=autogenerated2>{{ if: {{#if: http://www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/000592.php#more \| {{#if: Emad Baghi : English \|1}}}}	Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified }}{{ if:	{{#if: \|1}}}}	Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted }} }}{{#if:	{{#if:	[[{{{authorlink}}}\|{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }}]]	{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }} }} }}{{#if:	; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: \| {{#if:	({{{date}}})	{{#if:	{{#if:	({{{month}}} {{{year}}})	({{{year}}}) }} }}

List of anthropogenic disasters by death toll

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

Contents

Wars and armed conflicts with highest estimated death tolls of 100,000 or more

War crimes, massacres and ancient war atrocities

Genocides, ethnic cleansing, and mass ethnic and/or religious persecution

Political purges and repressions

Forced labor, abuse of workers, and slave trades

Anthropogenically exacerbated famines and disease outbreaks

Anthropogenically exacerbated floods and landslides

Human sacrifice and suicide

Riots and political unrest

List of prisons, concentration, and extermination camps by death toll

List of political leaders and regimes by death toll

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

Topics dealing with similar themes

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Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180" />	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture	Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	Template:Nts	Mexico	Template:Ntsh14th century	Template:Nts	200 years	Skull racks: 60,000<ref>Ruben Mendoza (2007) pp. 407–08.</ref> to 136,000<ref>Harner (1977) p. 122</ref> See also: Aztecs
Human sacrifice in Shang dynasty China	Template:Nts<ref>National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White</ref><wbr />Template:Unreliable source?	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	China	Template:Ntsh1300 BC	Template:Ntsh1050 BC	250 years	Last 250 years of rule
Suicide bombings during the Iraq War	Template:Nts	Template:Nts<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Template:Nts	Iraq	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	8 years	See also: Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)
Sati ritual suicides	Template:Nts<ref name="White-SelectedDeathTolls">Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", pg. 2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).</ref><wbr />Template:Unreliable source?	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	India	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	13 years
Kamikaze suicide pilots	Template:Nts<ref name=":68">This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).</ref>	Template:Nts<ref name=":68" />	Template:Nts<ref name=":68" />	Pacific theatre	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	1 year	See also: Empire of Japan
Mass suicide at Masada	Template:Nts Template:Citation needed	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Masada	Template:Ntsh Spring 73 CE	Template:Ntsh Spring 73 CE	?
Palestinian suicide attacks	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Israel and Palestine	Template:NtshJuly 6, 1989	Template:NtshApril 18, 2016	27 years	May only include victims Template:See also
Jonestown	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts					Jim Jones Jim Jones#Visit by Congressman Ryan and mass suicide at Jonestown

Event	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geometric mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180" />	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Auschwitz concentration camp	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Oświęcim, Poland	1940	1945	5 years	<ref>Wellers, Georges. "Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp)", Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–59.</ref><ref>Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates, vex.net; accessed August 2, 2018.</ref>
Treblinka extermination camp	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Treblinka, Poland	1942	1943	1 year	<ref name="nizkor.org">{{ if: {{#if: http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/reinhard/reinhard-faq-13.html \| {{#if: Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations \|1}}}}	Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified }}{{ if:	{{#if: \|1}}}}	Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted }} }}{{#if:	{{#if:	[[{{{authorlink}}}\|{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }}]]	{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }} }} }}{{#if:	; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: \| {{#if:	({{{date}}})	{{#if:	{{#if:	({{{month}}} {{{year}}})	({{{year}}}) }} }}

Leader(s)	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Geom. mean estimate<ref name="Pinto 2014 173–180" />	Location	From	Until	Duration	Notes
Hong Xiuquan Emperor Xianfeng Empress Dowager Cixi	Template:Nts<ref name="auto5"/>	Template:Nts<ref name="auto6"/><ref name="auto9"/><ref name="auto10"/>	Template:Nts	Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Qing dynasty	1850	1864	14 years	Hong Xiuquan was a Hakka Chinese revolutionary who was the leader of the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty. He established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ. Template:See also
Mao Zedong	Template:Nts	Template:Nts<ref name="Fenby, J 2008 p. 351">Fenby, J (2008). Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. Ecco Press. pg. 351; Template:ISBN. "Mao's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking"</ref>	Template:Nts	People's Republic of China	1946	1976	30 years	Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform. The estimate of the minimum death toll is the sum of the minimum estimate of famine dead (11.6 million),<ref>{{ if: {{#if: https://archive.org/details/pdfy-aW9fF2uI0YXUonyt/page/n5 \| {{#if: On Famine and Measuring 'Famine Deaths' \|1}}}}	Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified }}{{ if:	{{#if: \|1}}}}	Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters archiveurl and archivedate must be both specified or both omitted }} }}{{#if:	{{#if:	[[{{{authorlink}}}\|{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }}]]	{{#if:	, {{{first}}} }}	{{{author}}} }} }} }}{{#if:	; {{{coauthors}}} }} }}{{#if: \| {{#if:	({{{date}}})	{{#if:	{{#if:	({{{month}}} {{{year}}})	({{{year}}}) }} }}