List of peasant revolts
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| - | [[Image:Gheerhaets Allegory iconoclasm.jpg|200px|thumb|This page ''{{PAGENAME}}'' is a part of the [[protestantism]] series. | ||
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| - | <small>Illustration: ''[[The image breakers]]'', c.[[1566]] –[[1568]] by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder]]</small>]] | ||
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| - | The '''Peasants' War''' (in [[German language|German]], ''der Deutsche Bauernkrieg'') was a [[popular revolt in late medieval Europe|popular revolt]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the years 1524/1525. It consisted, like the preceding [[Bundschuh]] movement and the [[Hussite Wars]], of a series of economic as well as religious revolts by [[peasant]]s, townsfolk and [[nobility|nobles]]. The movement possessed no common program. | + | ==Background== |
| + | History of peasant wars spans over a period of over two thousand years. A variety of reasons fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including: | ||
| - | The conflict, which took place mostly in southern, western and central areas of modern [[Germany]] but also affected areas in neighboring modern [[Switzerland]] and [[Austria]], involved at its height in the spring and summer of 1525 an estimated 300,000 peasant insurgents: contemporary estimates put the dead at 100,000. It was Europe's most massive and widespread popular uprising before the 1789 [[French Revolution]]. | + | *[[Tax resistance]] |
| - | ==Anabaptists== | + | *[[Social inequality]] |
| - | On [[December 27]], [[1521]], three [[Zwickau prophets]], both influenced by and influencing [[Thomas Müntzer]], appeared in [[Wittenberg]] from [[Zwickau]]: Thomas Dreschel, Nicolas Storch and Mark Thomas Stübner. [[Martin Luther|Luther's]] reform was not radical enough for them. Like the [[Roman Catholic Church]], Luther practiced [[pedobaptism|infant baptism]], which the [[Anabaptist]]s considered to be "neither scriptural nor primitive, nor fulfilling the chief conditions of admission into a visible brotherhood of saints, to wit, repentance, faith, spiritual illumination and free surrender of self to [[Christ]]." | + | *[[Religious war]] |
| + | *[[Wars of national liberation|National liberation]] | ||
| + | *Resistance against [[serfdom]] | ||
| + | *Redistribution of land | ||
| + | *External factors such as [[Black Death|plague]] and [[Great Famine of 1315-1317|famine]] | ||
| - | The reformist theologian and associate of Luther, [[Philipp Melanchthon]], who was powerless against the enthusiasts with whom his co-reformer [[Andreas Karlstadt]] sympathized, appealed to Luther, who was still hiding in the [[Wartburg]]. Luther was cautious in not condemning the new doctrine out of hand, but advised Melanchthon to treat its supporters gently and to test their spirits, in case they should be of [[God]]. There was confusion in Wittenberg, whose schools and university had sided with the "prophets" and were closed. From this arises the allegation that the Anabaptists were enemies of learning, which is contradicted by the fact that two of them, [[Ludwig Haetzer|Haetzer]] and [[Hans Denck|Denck]], produced and printed the first German translation of the [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] prophets in 1527. The first leaders of the movement in [[Zürich]]—[[Conrad Grebel]], [[Felix Manz]], [[George Blaurock]], [[Balthasar Hubmaier]]—were learned in Greek, Latin and Hebrew. | + | Later peasant revolts such as the [[Telangana Rebellion]] were also influenced by [[Agrarian socialism|agrarian socialist]] [[Maoism|ideologies]]. |
| - | On [[March 6]], [[1522]]), Luther returned to Wittenberg, where he interviewed the prophets, scorned their "spirits", banished them from the city, and had their adherents ejected from Zwickau and Erfurt. Denied access to the churches, the latter preached and celebrated the sacrament in private houses. Having been driven from the cities, they swarmed across the countryside. Compelled to leave Zwickau, Müntzer visited [[Bohemia]], lived for two years at Alltstedt in Thuringia, and in 1524 spent some time in Switzerland. During this period he proclaimed his revolutionary religious and political doctrines with increasing vehemence, and, so far as the lower orders were concerned, with growing success. | + | The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies. |
| - | The Peasants' War began chiefly as a revolt against feudal oppression, but under the leadership of Müntzer it became a war against all constituted authorities in a forcible attempt to establish Müntzer's ideal of a Christian commonwealth based on absolute equality and the community of goods. The total defeat of the rebels at [[Battle of Frankenhausen|Frankenhausen]] ([[May 15]], [[1525]]), followed by the execution of Müntzer and several other leaders, proved to be a merely temporary check on the Anabaptist movement. Scattered throughout Germany, [[Switzerland]] and the [[Netherlands]] were zealous propagandists whose teachings many were prepared to follow as soon as another leader emerged. | ||
| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[List of peasant revolts]] | ||
| - | *[[Florian Geyer]] | ||
| - | *[[Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt]] | ||
| - | *[[German Peasants' War]] | ||
| + | ==This is a '''list of peasant revolts'''== | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[[Dazexiang Uprising]] 209 BC | ||
| + | *[[Yellow Turban Rebellion]] 184 | ||
| + | *[[Bagaudae]] in 3rd- to 5th-century [[Gaul]] and [[Hispania]] | ||
| + | *[[Stellinga]] | ||
| + | *Rebellions of [[Basil the Copper Hand]] in the Byzantine Empire (920s–930s) | ||
| + | *[[Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe]]: | ||
| + | **[[Ivaylo]] rebellion in Bulgaria (1277–1280) | ||
| + | **[[Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–1328]] | ||
| + | **[[St. George's Night Uprising|St. George's Night Uprising in Estonia]] (1343–1345) | ||
| + | **[[Jacquerie]] in France (1358) | ||
| + | **[[Revolt of the Ciompi]] in Italy (1378) | ||
| + | **[[Peasants' Revolt]] in England (1381) | ||
| + | **[[Harelle]] in France (1382) | ||
| + | **[[Budai Nagy Antal Revolt]] in Hungary (1437) | ||
| + | **[[Christopher of Bavaria#Peasant rebellions|Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions]] (1441) | ||
| + | **[[Jack Cade]]'s rebellion (1450) | ||
| + | **[[John and William Merfold]]'s uprising (1450–1451) | ||
| + | *[[Ikkō-ikki]] in Japan (1488–1588) | ||
| + | *[[Friulan Revolt of 1511|Cruel Fat Thursday Revolt]] in [[Friuli]] (1511) | ||
| + | *[[Poor Conrad|Poor Conrad rebellion]] in [[Württemberg]] (1514) | ||
| + | *[[György Dózsa|Dózsa rebellion]] in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] (1514) | ||
| + | *[[Slovenian peasant revolt of 1515]] | ||
| + | *[[German Peasants' War]] (1524–1526) | ||
| + | *[[Dalecarlian Rebellions]] (1524–1533) | ||
| + | *[[Battle of Svenstrup]] 1534, led by [[Skipper Clement]], in what is known as the [[Skipper Clement's Rebellion]], a part of the civil war in Denmark-Norway, known as the [[Count's Feud]] during the [[reformation]] in Scandinavia. | ||
| + | *[[Opryshky]] Movement, led by the legendary [[Oleksa Dovbush]] (1529–19th century) | ||
| + | *[[Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark]], [[Norway]] (1540) | ||
| + | *[[Kett's Rebellion]] in England (1549) | ||
| + | *[[Club War]] in Finland (1596–1597) | ||
| + | *[[Croatian–Slovenian peasant revolt]] (1573) | ||
| + | *[[Ivan Bolotnikov]] (1606–1607) | ||
| + | *[[Peasants' War in Upper Austria]] (1626) | ||
| + | *[[Kostka-Napierski Uprising]] (1651) | ||
| + | *[[Swiss peasant war of 1653]] | ||
| + | *[[Stenka Razin]] (1670) | ||
| + | *[[Bulavin Rebellion]] (1707–1708) | ||
| + | *[[Pugachev's Rebellion]] (1773–1775) | ||
| + | *[[Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan]] (1784–1785) | ||
| + | *[[Saxon Peasants' Revolt]] (1790) | ||
| + | *[[Peasants' War (1798)]] | ||
| + | *[[1834 Arab revolt in Palestine]] | ||
| + | *[[Galician slaughter]] (1846) | ||
| + | *[[Taiping Rebellion]] (1851) | ||
| + | *[[Mahtra War|Mahtra War in Estonia]] (1858) | ||
| + | *[[Chichibu Incident]] in Japan (1884) | ||
| + | *[[1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt]] (1907) | ||
| + | *[[Peasant Revolt in Albania]] (1914) | ||
| + | *[[Tambov Uprising]] (1920–1921) | ||
| + | *[[1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre]] (1932) | ||
| + | *[[Tebhaga movement]] (1946) | ||
| + | *[[Telangana Rebellion]] (1946) | ||
| + | *[[Cazin Uprising]] (1950) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[Roman Servile Wars]] | ||
| + | *[[Peasant movement]] | ||
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Revision as of 08:51, 12 June 2019
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Background
History of peasant wars spans over a period of over two thousand years. A variety of reasons fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including:
- Tax resistance
- Social inequality
- Religious war
- National liberation
- Resistance against serfdom
- Redistribution of land
- External factors such as plague and famine
Later peasant revolts such as the Telangana Rebellion were also influenced by agrarian socialist ideologies.
The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies.
This is a list of peasant revolts
- Dazexiang Uprising 209 BC
- Yellow Turban Rebellion 184
- Bagaudae in 3rd- to 5th-century Gaul and Hispania
- Stellinga
- Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand in the Byzantine Empire (920s–930s)
- Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe:
- Ivaylo rebellion in Bulgaria (1277–1280)
- Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–1328
- St. George's Night Uprising in Estonia (1343–1345)
- Jacquerie in France (1358)
- Revolt of the Ciompi in Italy (1378)
- Peasants' Revolt in England (1381)
- Harelle in France (1382)
- Budai Nagy Antal Revolt in Hungary (1437)
- Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions (1441)
- Jack Cade's rebellion (1450)
- John and William Merfold's uprising (1450–1451)
- Ikkō-ikki in Japan (1488–1588)
- Cruel Fat Thursday Revolt in Friuli (1511)
- Poor Conrad rebellion in Württemberg (1514)
- Dózsa rebellion in Hungary (1514)
- Slovenian peasant revolt of 1515
- German Peasants' War (1524–1526)
- Dalecarlian Rebellions (1524–1533)
- Battle of Svenstrup 1534, led by Skipper Clement, in what is known as the Skipper Clement's Rebellion, a part of the civil war in Denmark-Norway, known as the Count's Feud during the reformation in Scandinavia.
- Opryshky Movement, led by the legendary Oleksa Dovbush (1529–19th century)
- Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark, Norway (1540)
- Kett's Rebellion in England (1549)
- Club War in Finland (1596–1597)
- Croatian–Slovenian peasant revolt (1573)
- Ivan Bolotnikov (1606–1607)
- Peasants' War in Upper Austria (1626)
- Kostka-Napierski Uprising (1651)
- Swiss peasant war of 1653
- Stenka Razin (1670)
- Bulavin Rebellion (1707–1708)
- Pugachev's Rebellion (1773–1775)
- Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan (1784–1785)
- Saxon Peasants' Revolt (1790)
- Peasants' War (1798)
- 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine
- Galician slaughter (1846)
- Taiping Rebellion (1851)
- Mahtra War in Estonia (1858)
- Chichibu Incident in Japan (1884)
- 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt (1907)
- Peasant Revolt in Albania (1914)
- Tambov Uprising (1920–1921)
- 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre (1932)
- Tebhaga movement (1946)
- Telangana Rebellion (1946)
- Cazin Uprising (1950)
See also
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "List of peasant revolts" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
