Liberal internationalism  

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-'''International relations''' ('''IR''') or '''international affairs''' ('''IA''') — commonly also referred to as '''international studies''' ('''IS''') or '''global studies''' ('''GS''') — is the study of interconnectedness of [[politics]], [[economics]] and [[law]] on a global level. Depending on the academic institution, it is either a field of [[political science]], an [[interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] academic field similar to [[global studies]], or an entirely independent academic [[Discipline (academia)|discipline]] in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in [[social science]] and [[humanities]] disciplines. In all cases, the field studies relationships between ''political entities'' ([[polity|polities]]) such as [[sovereign state]]s, [[international organization|inter-governmental organizations]] (IGOs), [[international non-governmental organization]]s (INGOs), other [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs), and [[multinational corporation]]s (MNCs), and the wider [[world-system]]s produced by this interaction. International relations is an [[academic]] and a [[public policy]] field, and so can be [[Positive statement|positive]] and [[Normative statement|normative]], because it analyses and formulates the [[foreign policy]] of a given state.+'''Liberal internationalism''' is a [[foreign policy]] doctrine that argues that liberal states should intervene in other sovereign states in order to pursue [[Liberalism|liberal]] objectives. Such intervention can include both military [[invasion]] and [[humanitarian aid]]. This view is contrasted to [[Isolationism|isolationist]], [[Realism in international relations|realist]], or [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] foreign policy doctrines; these critics characterize it as '''liberal interventionism'''.
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-As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian [[Thucydides]] (460–395 BC), and, in the early 20th century, became a discrete academic field (no. 5901 in the [[4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature]]) within political science. In practice, international relations and international affairs forms a separate academic program or field from political science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary.+
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-For example, international relations draws from the fields of [[politics]], [[economics]], [[international law]], [[communication studies]], [[history]], [[demography]], [[area studies|geography]], [[sociology]], [[anthropology]], [[criminology]], [[psychology]], and [[gender studies]]. The scope of international relations encompasses issues such as [[globalization]], [[diplomatic relations]], [[Sovereign state|state sovereignty]], [[international security]], [[ecological]] [[sustainability]], [[nuclear proliferation]], [[nationalism]], [[economic development]], [[global finance]], [[terrorism]], and [[human rights]].+
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-==History==+
-The history of international relations can be traced back to thousands of years ago; [[Barry Buzan]] and Richard Little, for example, consider the interaction of ancient [[Sumer]]ian city-states, starting in 3,500 [[Anno Domini|BC]], as the first fully-fledged international system.+
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-[[File:French Spanish and Polish fashion.jpg|thumb|The official portraits of King [[Władysław IV Vasa|Władysław IV]] dressed according to [[Kingdom of France|French]], [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] and Polish fashion reflects the complex politics of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]]]]+
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-The history of international relations based on [[sovereign states]] and many more types are often traced back to the [[Peace of Westphalia]] of 1648, a stepping stone in the development of the modern state system. Prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. More than the Peace of Westphalia, the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory's sovereign borders.+
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-The centuries of roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of the independent, sovereign [[Sovereign state|states]], the institutionalization of [[diplomacy]] and armies. The [[French Revolution]] added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy, but the citizenry of a state, defined as the nation, should be defined as sovereign. Such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a [[nation-state]] (as opposed to a monarchy or a religious state). The term [[republic]] increasingly became its synonym. An alternative model of the nation-state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others, who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty, kept the princes and nobility, but defined nation-statehood in ethnic-linguistic terms, establishing the rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only. The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. (In Europe today, few states conform to either definition of nation-state: many continue to have royal sovereigns, and hardly any are ethnically homogeneous.)+
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-The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via [[colonialism]] and the "standards of civilization". The contemporary international system was finally established through [[decolonization]] during the [[Cold War]]. However, this is somewhat over-simplified. While the nation-state system is considered "modern", many states have not incorporated the system and are termed "pre-modern".+
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-Further, a handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered "post-modern". The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of these different types of states is disputed. "Levels of analysis" is a way of looking at the international system, which includes the individual level, the domestic state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level.+
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-What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after [[World War I]], and is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other [[social science]]s. The use of capitalizations of the "I" and "R" in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite [[Sun Tzu]]'s ''[[The Art of War]]'' (6th century BC), [[Thucydides]]' ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' (5th century BC), [[Chanakya]]'s ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (4th century BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]]' ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'' and [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'' providing further elaboration.+
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-Similarly, [[liberal international relations theory|liberalism]] draws upon the work of [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Jean Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of [[democratic peace theory]]. Though contemporary human rights is considerably different from the type of rights envisioned under [[natural law]], [[Francisco de Vitoria]], [[Hugo Grotius]] and [[John Locke]] offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity. In the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of [[liberal internationalism]], [[Marxism]] has been a foundation of international relations.+
==See also== ==See also==
-* [[Diplomatic history]]+*[[City upon a Hill]]
-* [[Global studies]]+*[[Cold War liberal]]
-* [[List of international relations journals]]+*[[Cosmopolitan democracy]]
-* [[List of international relations institutes and organisations|List of international relations institutes and organizations]]+*[[Empire of Liberty]]
-* [[Multilateralism]]+*[[Humanitarian intervention]]
-* [[Peace economics]]+*[[Idealism (international relations)]]
-* [[Political geography]]+*[[Internationalism (politics)]]
-*[[The European Institute for International Law and International Relations]]+*[[Liberal hawk]]
- +*[[Nation-building]]
- +*[[Neoconservatism]]
-==Bibliography==+*[[Perpetual peace]]
-===Theory===+
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-* [[Norman Angell]] ''The Great Illusion'' (London: Heinemann, 1910)+
-* [[Hedley Bull]] ''Anarchical Society'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977)+
-* [[Robert Cooper (diplomat)|Robert Cooper]] ''The Post-Modern State''+
-* [[Cynthia Enloe|Enloe, Cynthia.]] "'Gender' Is Not Enough: The Need for a Feminist Consciousness". ''International Affairs'' 80.1 (2004): 95-97. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.+
-* Goodin, Robert E., and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, eds. ''A New Handbook of Political Science'' (1998) ch 16-19 pp 401–78 +
-* [[Charlotte Hooper]] "Masculinities, IR and the 'Gender Variable': A Cost-Benefit Analysis for (Sympathetic) Gender Sceptics." ''International Studies'' 25.3 (1999): 475-491.+
-* [[Andrew Hurrell]] ''On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society'' (Oxford University Press, 2008). https://global.oup.com/academic/product/on-global-order-9780199233113?cc=us&lang=en&+
-* [[Robert Keohane]] ''After Hegemony''+
-* [[Hans Köchler]], ''Democracy and the International Rule of Law''. Vienna/New York: Springer, 1995+
-* [[Andrew Linklater]] ''Men and citizens in the theory of international relations''+
-* [[Donald Markwell]] ''[[John Maynard Keynes]] and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).+
-* [[Reinhold Niebuhr]] ''[[Moral Man and Immoral Society]]'' 1932+
-* [[Joseph Nye]] ''Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics'', Public Affairs Ltd 2004+
-* [[Paul Raskin]] ''The Great Transition Today: A Report from the Future''+
-* [[J. Ann Tickner]] ''Gender in International Relations'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).+
-* [[Kenneth Waltz]] ''Man, the State, and War''+
-* [[Kenneth Waltz]] ''Theory of International Politics'' (1979), examines the foundation of By Bar+
-* [[Michael Walzer]] ''Just and Unjust Wars'' 1977+
-* [[Alexander Wendt]] ''Social Theory of International Politics'' 1999+
-* J. Martin Rochester ''Fundamental Principles of International Relations'' (Westview Press, 2010)+
-* ''An Introduction to International Relations Theory''+
-* James C. Hsiang ''Anarchy & Order: The Interplay of Politics and Law in International Relations'' 1555875718, 9781555875718 Lynne Rienner Pub 1997+
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-===History of international relations===+
-* Beaulac, Stéphane. "[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJLH/2004/9.html The Westphalian Model in defining International Law: Challenging the Myth]", ''Australian Journal of Legal History'' Vol. 9 (2004).+
-* Black, Jeremy. ''A History of Diplomacy'' (2010)+
-* [[Peter Calvocoressi|Calvocoressi, Peter]]. ''World Politics since 1945'' (9th Edition, 2008) 956pp +
-* [[E. H. Carr]] ''Twenty Years Crisis'' (1940), 1919–39+
-* [[Paul Kennedy|Kennedy, Paul]]. [[The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers|''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500-2000'']] (1987), stress on economic and military factors+
-* Kissinger, Henry. ''Diplomacy'' (1995), not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century+
-* Krasner, Stephen D.: "Westphalia and All That" in Judith Goldstein & Robert Keohane (eds): ''Ideas and Foreign Policy'' (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1993), pp. 235–264+
-* ''New Cambridge Modern History'' (13 vol 1957-79), thorough coverage from 1500 to 1900+
-* Ringmar, Erik. [http://www.irhistory.info/ History of International Relations Open Textbook Project], Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming.+
-* Schroeder, Paul W. ''The Transformation of European Politics 1763-1848'' (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (1994) 920pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy+
-* Taylor, A.J.P. ''The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918'' (1954) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) 638pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy+
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Liberal internationalism is a foreign policy doctrine that argues that liberal states should intervene in other sovereign states in order to pursue liberal objectives. Such intervention can include both military invasion and humanitarian aid. This view is contrasted to isolationist, realist, or non-interventionist foreign policy doctrines; these critics characterize it as liberal interventionism.

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