Lead sheet
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| - | :''do not confuse with [[imaginary book]]'' | + | A '''lead sheet''' or '''fake sheet''' is a form of [[musical notation]] that specifies the essential elements of a [[song|popular song]]: the [[melody]], [[lyrics]] and [[harmony]]. The melody is written in [[music notation#Modern notation|modern Western music notation]], the lyric is written as text below the [[musical staff|staff]] and the harmony is specified with [[chord notation|chord symbols]] above the staff. |
| - | A '''fake book''' is a collection of musical [[lead sheet]]s intended to help a performer quickly learn new songs. Each song in a fake book contains the [[Melody|melody line]], basic [[Chord (music)|chords]], and [[lyrics]] - the minimal information needed by a [[musician]] to make an impromptu arrangement of a song, or "fake it." | + | |
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| - | The fake book is a central part of the culture of playing [[music]] in public, particularly in [[jazz]], where [[improvisation]] is particularly valued. | + | |
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| - | Fake books are not intended for novices: the reader must follow and interpret the scant notation, and generally needs to have thorough familiarity with chords and sheet music. However, fake books can be an avenue to playing songs quickly; a few chords and a one-note melody line can allow even an amateur to play a passable version of any song with relative ease. | + | |
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| - | Despite the name, fake books are often unbound, consisting of a thick, loose stack of sheets. | + | |
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| - | ==History== | + | |
| - | A predecessor to fake books was created in May 1942 when George Goodwin, a radio station director, released the first Tune-Dex cards. Printed on 3"x5" cards that were the same size as library catalog cards, Goodwin provided lyrics, melody and chord symbols as well as copyright information. Goodwin also promoted the cards to professional musicians until 1963, when poor health forced his retirement. According to Barry Kernfeld's book "The Story of Fake Books", by the 1950s gangsters were duplicating the Tune-Dex information into bound fake books with prices between $10 and $25. | + | |
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| - | For many years the "standard" fake books were called simply "The Fake Books." All were composed of [[song]]s illegally printed, with no royalties paid to the copyright owners. In 1964, the FBI's Cleveland, Ohio, office observed that "practically every professional musician in the country owns at least one of these fake music books as they constitute probably the single most useful document available.". | + | |
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| - | The first two volumes, ''Fake Book Volume 1'' and ''Fake Book Volume 2,'' issued in the late 1940sā1950s, together comprised about 2,000 songs dating from the turn of the 20th century through the late 1950s. In the 1950s the ''Modern Jazz Fake Book, Volumes 1 and 2'' was issued, and ''Fake Book Volume 3,'' containing about 500 songs, came out in 1961. | + | |
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| - | The music in ''Fake Books 1, 2,'' and ''3'' was photocopied or reset with a musical typewriter from the melody lines of the original sheet music. Usually chord symbols, titles, composer names, and lyrics were typewritten, but for a number of songs these were all photocopied along with the melody line. | + | |
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| - | The chord changes in these books were notoriously inaccurate. Most of them were based on the guitar and ukelele chords commonly found in earlier sheet music, which often did not include the roots of the harmony. For example, a chord labeled "Fdim" ("F diminished") for guitar or ukelele might functionally be a G7b9 ("G seven, flat nine") chord, which has a G as the root plus all the notes of an Fdim7 chord. Thus, successfully using the ''Fake Books'' required the expertise of jazz musicians and others trained in functional harmony in order to reinterpret the chord symbols. | + | |
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| - | The three ''Fake Books'' were well indexed, alphabetically as well as by musical genre and Broadway show. Interestingly, although the tunes in the ''Fake Books'' were compiled illegally, the creators printed copyright information under every song ā perhaps to give the false impression that the ''Fake Books'' were legal. | + | |
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| - | The ''Modern Jazz Fake Book'' was divided into two sections, each indexed separately as ''Volume One'' and ''Volume Two.'' The music was transcribed by hand from recordings, and each transcription included performer name, record label, and catalog number. Unlike today's fake and "real" books that have "jazz' in their titles, the ''Modern Jazz Fake Book'' included no standards, but only original tunes written and recorded by jazz musicians. | + | |
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| - | All these books have been long out of print. | + | |
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| - | During the school year of 1974-75, an unidentified group of musicians based at the [[Berklee College of Music]] in Boston published ''The [[Real Book]],'' which claimed to fix all problems of poor design, although it was riddled with errors which were gradually corrected by generations of players. Steve Swallow, who was teaching at Berklee at that time, said the students who edited the book intended "to make a book that contained a hipper repertoire, more contemporary repertoire." Alongside the standard tunes of previous decades were lead sheets for compositions by then-contemporary composers such as [[Keith Jarrett]], [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Chick Corea]], [[Joe Henderson]], [[Wayne Shorter]], [[Carla Bley]], [[Pat Metheny]], [[Michael Gibbs (jazz composer)|Mike Gibbs]], [[Ralph Towner]] and [[Steve Swallow]] (amongst others). It was extremely popular and in its turn spawned a number of "fake Real Books". | + | |
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| - | Fake books originally infringed [[copyright]]s, and their circulation was primarily [[Black market|underground]]. The 6th edition of the Real Book is published legally. | + | |
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| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | *[[Jazz standards]] | + | |
| - | *[[Real Book]] | + | |
| - | *''[[Rise Up Singing]]'' | + | |
| - | *''[[The Fiddler's Fakebook]]'' | + | |
| + | == See also == | ||
| + | * [[Chord chart]] | ||
| + | * [[Head (music)]] | ||
| + | * [[Chord letter]]s and [[Roman numeral analysis|Roman numeral]] analysis | ||
| + | * [[Jazz standard]] | ||
| + | * [[Ralph Patt]], author of ''The Vanilla Book'' of 400 chord progressions for jazz standards | ||
| + | * [[Real Book]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Rise Up Singing]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[The Fiddler's Fakebook]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Chas. H. Hansen Music Corp.]], pioneer publisher of legitimate fake books | ||
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A lead sheet or fake sheet is a form of musical notation that specifies the essential elements of a popular song: the melody, lyrics and harmony. The melody is written in modern Western music notation, the lyric is written as text below the staff and the harmony is specified with chord symbols above the staff.
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See also
- Chord chart
- Head (music)
- Chord letters and Roman numeral analysis
- Jazz standard
- Ralph Patt, author of The Vanilla Book of 400 chord progressions for jazz standards
- Real Book
- Rise Up Singing
- The Fiddler's Fakebook
- Chas. H. Hansen Music Corp., pioneer publisher of legitimate fake books
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Lead sheet" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
