Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881  

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 +The '''Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881''' (''Loi sur la liberté de la presse du 29 juillet 1881''), often called the '''Press Law of 1881''', is a law that defines the freedoms and responsibilities of the media and [[publishers in France]]. It provides a legal framework for publications and regulates the display of [[advertisements on public roads]]. Although it has been amended several times since its enactment, it remains in force to the present day.
-In France, the [[freedom of press Act]] was passed in [[1881]], giving citizens the right to read and create any newspaper of his choice. In 1935, a new act was passed to protect the right of the journalist to work in good conditions, responding to the demand of the main journalist's Union, the 'Syndicat national des journalistes'', and ''Union syndicale des journalistes CFDT'' signed the ''[[charte de Munich]]'', a stylebook dedicated to protect the [[Deontological ethics|deontology]] and spirit of journalism on a broadbased attempt to boost it all over the world.+It is often regarded as the foundational legal statement on [[freedom of the press]] and [[freedom of speech]] in France, inspired by Article 11 of the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen]] of 26 August 1789. At the same time, the law imposes legal obligations on publishers and criminalises certain specific behaviours (called "press offences"), particularly concerning [[defamation]].
-===The Nineteeth Century===+
-The [[Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881|loi sur la liberté de la presse]] of 29 July 1881 was passed under the French [[Third Republic]] in 1881 by the then-dominant [[Opportunist Republicans]] who sought to liberalise the press and promote free public discussion. The new law swept away a swathe of earlier statutes, stating at the outset the principle that "Printing and publication are free".+
- +
-Following [[Auguste Vaillant]]'s assassination attempt, the first [[anti-terrorist law]]s was voted in 1893, which were quickly denounced as ''[[lois scélérates]]''. These laws severely restricted freedom of expression. The first one condemned apology of any felony or crime as a felony itself, permitting widespread censorship of the press. The second one allowed to condemn any person directly or indirectly involved in a ''propaganda of the deed'' act, even if no killing was effectively carried on. The last one condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist [[propaganda]] (and, by extension, socialist libertarians present or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA):+
- +
-<blockquote> "1. Either by provocation or by apology... [anyone who has] encouraged one or several persons in committing either a stealing, or the crimes of murder, looting or arson...; 2. Or has addressed a provocation to military from the Army or the Navy, in the aim of diverting them from their military duties and the obedience due to their chiefs... will be deferred before courts and punished by a prison sentence of three months to two years.<ref> {{fr icon}} ''"1. Soit par provocation, soit par apologie [...] incité une ou plusieurs personnes à commettre soit un vol, soit les crimes de meurtre, de pillage, d’incendie [...] ; 2. Ou adressé une provocation à des militaires des armées de terre et de mer, dans le but de les détourner de leurs devoirs militaires et de l’obéissance qu’ils doivent à leurs chefs [...] serait déféré aux tribunaux de police correctionnelle et puni d’un emprisonnement de trois mois à deux ans."''</ref> </blockquote>+
 +A first restriction on the law of 1881 happened one year later in the law of [[August 2]] [[1882]] and the crime of "[[outrage aux bonnes mœurs]] par voie de presse, d'affiche ou d'écrit de toute nature." This law was made in order to curb the promulgation of [[erotic literature|erotic]] and [[pornographic literature]] signalled by the police.
 +==See also==
 +*[[French censorship]]
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The Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881 (Loi sur la liberté de la presse du 29 juillet 1881), often called the Press Law of 1881, is a law that defines the freedoms and responsibilities of the media and publishers in France. It provides a legal framework for publications and regulates the display of advertisements on public roads. Although it has been amended several times since its enactment, it remains in force to the present day.

It is often regarded as the foundational legal statement on freedom of the press and freedom of speech in France, inspired by Article 11 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 26 August 1789. At the same time, the law imposes legal obligations on publishers and criminalises certain specific behaviours (called "press offences"), particularly concerning defamation.

A first restriction on the law of 1881 happened one year later in the law of August 2 1882 and the crime of "outrage aux bonnes mœurs par voie de presse, d'affiche ou d'écrit de toute nature." This law was made in order to curb the promulgation of erotic and pornographic literature signalled by the police.

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