Knowledge
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| + | [[Image:Theatre from Ars Memoriae by Robert Fludd.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[Ars Memoriae]]'': The [[Theatre]] ([[1619]]) - [[Robert Fludd]] | ||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | “In the [[illusion|illusory]] [[babel]]s of language, an [[artist]] might [[avant-garde|advance]] specifically to get [[lost]], and to [[drugs|intoxicate]] himself in dizzying syntaxes, seeking odd [[intersection]]s of [[meaning]], [[strange]] corridors of history, [[unexpected]] echoes, [[unknown]] humors, or [[void]]s of [[knowledge…]] but this quest is [[risky]], full of bottomless [[fiction]]s and endless architectures and [[counter]]-architectures… at the end, if there is an end, are perhaps only [[meaningless]] reverberations.” --[[Robert Smithson]]]] | ||
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| + | "There is much pleasure to be gained from [[useless knowledge]]" -- [[Bertrand Russell]] | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | "[[At least I will learn this melody before I die]]" --Emil Cioran | ||
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| + | "Because as [[wisdom]] grows, [[anger]] grows, and one who adds [[knowledge]], adds [[pain]]" --''[[Ecclesiastes]]'' | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | [[I know that I know nothing]] --Socrates | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | [[Image:The Bookworm by Carl Spitzweg.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the ''[[science]]'' series.<br> <small>Illustration: ''[[The Bookworm]]'' (c. 1850) by [[Carl Spitzweg]]</small>]] | ||
| + | [[Image:A Young Girl Reading.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[A Young Girl Reading]]'' (c.[[1776]]) by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard |Fragonard]]]] | ||
| + | [[Image:The Heart Has Its Reasons by Odilon Redon.jpg |thumb|right|200px|''[[The heart has its reasons, of which reason knows nothing]]'' (c.[[1887]]) by [[Odilon Redon]], a phrase from the ''[[Pensées]]'' ([[1669]]) by [[Blaise Pascal]]]] | ||
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| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | # Relevant [[information]] that one is able to recall from [[memory]]. | + | |
| - | # The product of [[assumption]]. | + | '''Knowledge''' is defined ([[Oxford English Dictionary]]) variously as (i) expertise, and skills acquired by a person through [[experience]] or [[education]]; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject, (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation. Philosophical debates in general start with Plato's formulation of knowledge as "justified true belief". There is however no single agreed definition of knowledge presently, nor any prospect of one, and there remain numerous competing theories. |
| - | # Recognition of cause and effect (which is NOT [[wisdom]]). | + | |
| - | # Knowledge comprises all [[cognitive]] expectances that an individual or organisation actor uses to interpret situations and to generate activities. | + | Knowledge acquisition involves complex [[Cognition|cognitive]] processes: perception, learning, communication, association and [[reasoning]]. The term ''knowledge'' is also used to mean the confident [[understanding]] of a subject with the ability to use it for a specific purpose if appropriate. |
| - | # [[awareness|Awareness]]. | + | ==Theories of knowledge== |
| - | #:''He completed it entirely without my '''knowledge'''.'' | + | |
| - | # Acquired information gained through personal experiences making it unique for each individual. | + | :The eventual demarcation of philosophy from science was made possible by the notion that philosophy's core was "theory of knowledge," a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their ''foundation''… Without this idea of a "theory of knowledge," it is hard to imagine what "philosophy" could have been in the age of modern science. --[[Richard Rorty]], ''[[Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature]]'' |
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| + | The definition of knowledge is a matter of ongoing [[debate]] among [[philosopher]]s in the field of [[epistemology]]. The classical definition, described but not ultimately endorsed by [[Plato]], specifies that a [[statement (logic)|statement]] must meet three [[criteria]] in order to be considered knowledge: it must be [[theory of justification|justified]], [[truth|true]], and [[belief|believed]]. Some claim that these conditions are not sufficient, as [[Gettier case]] examples allegedly demonstrate. | ||
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| + | In contrast to this approach, [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]] observed, following [[Moore's paradox]], that one can say "He believes it, but it isn't so," but not "He knows it, but it isn't so." (''[[On Certainty]]'', remark 42) He goes on to argue that these do not correspond to distinct mental states, but rather to distinct ways of talking about conviction. What is different here is not the mental state of the speaker, but the activity in which they are engaged. For example, on this account, to ''know'' that the kettle is boiling is not to be in a particular state of mind, but to perform a particular task with the statement that the kettle is boiling. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way "knowledge" is used in natural languages. He saw knowledge as a case of a [[family resemblance]]. Following this idea, "knowledge" has been reconstructed as a cluster concept that points out relevant features but that is not adequately captured by any definition. | ||
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| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| - | *[[Knowability]] | + | *[[At least I will learn this melody before I die]], Socrates |
| - | *[[Truth]] | + | * [[Outline of knowledge]] - guide to the subject of knowledge presented as a [[tree structure]]d list of its subtopics. |
| - | *[[Knowledge representation]] | + | * [[Explicit knowledge]] |
| - | *[[Sociology of knowledge]] | + | * [[Figurative system of human knowledge]] |
| + | * [[Intelligence]] | ||
| + | * [[Intuition (knowledge)|Intuition]] (as an [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] form of knowledge) | ||
| + | * [[Knowability]] | ||
| + | * [[Knowledge for knowledge's sake]] | ||
| + | * [[Learning]] | ||
| + | * [[Sociology of knowledge]] | ||
| + | * [[Tacit knowledge]] | ||
| + | * [[Truth]] | ||
| + | * [[Wisdom]] | ||
| + | * [[Knowability]] | ||
| + | * [[Useless knowledge]]'' | ||
| + | |||
| == Contrast == | == Contrast == | ||
| + | *[[Ignorance]] | ||
| *[[Stupidity]] | *[[Stupidity]] | ||
| *[[Unknown]] | *[[Unknown]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 21:31, 27 October 2016
“In the illusory babels of language, an artist might advance specifically to get lost, and to intoxicate himself in dizzying syntaxes, seeking odd intersections of meaning, strange corridors of history, unexpected echoes, unknown humors, or voids of knowledge… but this quest is risky, full of bottomless fictions and endless architectures and counter-architectures… at the end, if there is an end, are perhaps only meaningless reverberations.” --Robert Smithson
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"There is much pleasure to be gained from useless knowledge" -- Bertrand Russell "At least I will learn this melody before I die" --Emil Cioran "Because as wisdom grows, anger grows, and one who adds knowledge, adds pain" --Ecclesiastes I know that I know nothing --Socrates |
Illustration: The Bookworm (c. 1850) by Carl Spitzweg
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Knowledge is defined (Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i) expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject, (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation. Philosophical debates in general start with Plato's formulation of knowledge as "justified true belief". There is however no single agreed definition of knowledge presently, nor any prospect of one, and there remain numerous competing theories.
Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, learning, communication, association and reasoning. The term knowledge is also used to mean the confident understanding of a subject with the ability to use it for a specific purpose if appropriate.
Theories of knowledge
- The eventual demarcation of philosophy from science was made possible by the notion that philosophy's core was "theory of knowledge," a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their foundation… Without this idea of a "theory of knowledge," it is hard to imagine what "philosophy" could have been in the age of modern science. --Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature
The definition of knowledge is a matter of ongoing debate among philosophers in the field of epistemology. The classical definition, described but not ultimately endorsed by Plato, specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed. Some claim that these conditions are not sufficient, as Gettier case examples allegedly demonstrate.
In contrast to this approach, Wittgenstein observed, following Moore's paradox, that one can say "He believes it, but it isn't so," but not "He knows it, but it isn't so." (On Certainty, remark 42) He goes on to argue that these do not correspond to distinct mental states, but rather to distinct ways of talking about conviction. What is different here is not the mental state of the speaker, but the activity in which they are engaged. For example, on this account, to know that the kettle is boiling is not to be in a particular state of mind, but to perform a particular task with the statement that the kettle is boiling. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way "knowledge" is used in natural languages. He saw knowledge as a case of a family resemblance. Following this idea, "knowledge" has been reconstructed as a cluster concept that points out relevant features but that is not adequately captured by any definition.
See also
- At least I will learn this melody before I die, Socrates
- Outline of knowledge - guide to the subject of knowledge presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics.
- Explicit knowledge
- Figurative system of human knowledge
- Intelligence
- Intuition (as an unconscious form of knowledge)
- Knowability
- Knowledge for knowledge's sake
- Learning
- Sociology of knowledge
- Tacit knowledge
- Truth
- Wisdom
- Knowability
- Useless knowledge
Contrast
