Kingdom of Burgundy
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| '''Kingdom of Burgundy''' was a name given to various states located in [[Western Europe]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. The historical Burgundy correlates with the border area of [[France]], [[Italy]] and [[Switzerland]] and includes the major modern cities of [[Geneva]] and [[Lyon]]. | '''Kingdom of Burgundy''' was a name given to various states located in [[Western Europe]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. The historical Burgundy correlates with the border area of [[France]], [[Italy]] and [[Switzerland]] and includes the major modern cities of [[Geneva]] and [[Lyon]]. | ||
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| - | As a political entity, Burgundy has existed in a number of forms with different boundaries, notably, when divided in Upper and Lower Burgundy and Provence. Two of these entities — the first around the 6th century, the second around the 11th century — have been called the Kingdom of Burgundy. At other times there existed [[Kingdom of Provence]], [[Duchy of Burgundy]] and [[County of Burgundy]]. | ||
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| - | [[File:Map Burgundian Kingdom EN.png|thumb|Kingdom of the Burgundians after their settlement in Savoy from 443.]] | ||
| - | [[File:Map Burgundian Kingdom 2 EN.png|thumb|Burgundy as part of the [[Frankish Empire]] between 534 and 843.]] | ||
| - | [[File:Karte Hoch und Niederburgund EN.png|thumb|The Kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy between 879 and 933.]] | ||
| - | [[File:Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png|thumb|right|Kingdom of Arles (1033–1378).]] | ||
| - | [[File:Karte Haus Burgund 4 EN.png|thumb|The holdings of the [[House of Valois-Burgundy]] during the reign of [[Charles the Bold]] in the late 15th century.]] | ||
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| - | ==Kingdom of the Burgundians (4th century – 534 AD)== | ||
| - | {{main|Kingdom of the Burgundians}} | ||
| - | Burgundy is named after a [[Germanic tribe]] of [[Burgundians]] who originated in mainland [[Scandinavia]], then settled on the island of [[Bornholm]], whose name in [[Old Norse]] was ''Burgundarholmr'' ("Island of the Burgundians"). From there they migrated south through Germanic lands into [[Roman Gaul]] and settled in the western part of the [[Alps]] and [[Rhône]] valley, establishing a [[Barbarian kingdoms|barbarian kingdom]] of the Burgundians. | ||
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| - | The first documented, though not historically verified King of the [[Burgundians]] was [[Gjúki]] (Gebicca), who lived in the late 4th century. In the course of the [[Crossing of the Rhine]] in 406 the Burgundians settled as ''[[foederati]]'' in the Roman province of [[Germania Secunda]] along the [[Middle Rhine]]. Their situation worsened when about 430 their king [[Gunther]] started several invasions into neighbouring [[Gallia Belgica]], which led to a crushing defeat by joined Roman and [[Huns|Hunnic]] troops under [[Flavius Aetius]] in 436 near [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] (the origin of the mediæval ''[[Nibelungenlied]]'' poem). | ||
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| - | The remaining Burgundians from 443 onwards settled in the ''Sapaudia'' (i.e. [[Savoy]]) region, again as ''foederati'' in the Roman [[Sequani|Maxima Sequanorum]] province. Their efforts to enlarge their kingdom down the [[Rhône]] river brought them into conflict with the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] in the south. After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in 476, king [[Gundobad]] allied with the powerful [[Franks|Frank]] king [[Clovis I]] against the threat of [[Theoderic the Great]]. He was then able to organize the Burgundian acquisitions based on the ''[[Lex Burgundionum]]'', an [[Early Germanic law]] code. | ||
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| - | The decline of the Kingdom began when they came under attack from their former Frank allies. In 523 the sons of Clovis I campaigned in the Burgundian lands, instigated by their mother [[Clotilde]], whose father king [[Chilperic II of Burgundy]] had been killed by Gundobad. In 532 the Burgundians were decisively defeated by the Franks at [[Autun]], whereafter king [[Godomar]] was killed and Burgundian lands was annexed by the [[Frankish Empire]] in 534. | ||
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| - | ==Frankish Burgundy, 534–933== | ||
| - | While there no longer was an independent Burgundian kingdom, between 561 and 584 and between 639 and 737 several rulers of the Frankish [[Merovingian dynasty]] used the title of "King of Burgundy". | ||
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| - | ==Kingdom of Provence, 855–863== | ||
| - | Partitions of Charlemagne's empire by his immediate [[Carolingians|Carolingian]] heirs led to a short-lived kingdom of [[Middle Francia]], which was created after the 843 [[Treaty of Verdun]]. It included lands from North Sea to southern Italy and was ruled by emperor [[Lothair I]]. The northwestern part of the former Burgundian lands as [[Duchy of Burgundy]] (''Bourgogne'') was included in the kingdom of [[West Francia]]. Shortly before his death in 855, Lothair I divided his kingdom among his three sons in three parts - [[Lotharingia]], [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]] and regions of [[Lower Burgundy]] and [[Provence]] which were left to the youngest son - [[Charles of Provence]]. This partition created more conflicts, as older Carolingians who ruled [[West Francia]] and [[East Francia]] viewed themselves as the true heirs of [[Middle Francia]]. | ||
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| - | As Charles of Provence was too young to rule, the actual power was held by regent, count [[Girart de Roussillon|Girart II of Vienne]] whose wife was the sister-in-law of emperor Lothar I. Girart was a strong regent, defending the kingdom from Vikings, who raided as far as [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]]. Charles' uncle, [[Charles the Bald]] of [[West Francia]], attempted to intervene in Provence in 861 after receiving an appeal for intervention from the [[Count of Arles]]. He invaded Provence as far as [[Mâcon]] before being restrained by [[Hincmar of Rheims]]. | ||
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| - | ==Upper and Lower Burgundy== | ||
| - | In 858, Count Girart arranged that should Charles of Provence die without heirs, the Kingdom of Provence would revert to Charles' older brother [[Lothair II]] who ruled in [[Lotharingia]]. When Charles died in 863, his oldest brother [[Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis II]] claimed Provence for himself, so the kingdom was divided between the two remaining brothers: Lothair II received the bishoprics of [[Lyon]], [[Vienne]] and [[Grenoble]], to be governed by Girart; and Louis II received Arles, [[Aix-en-provence]] and [[ Embrun, Hautes-Alpes |Embrun]]. | ||
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| - | After the death of Lothair II, the 870 [[Treaty of Meerssen]] allotted the northern part of former [[Middle Francia]] to King [[Louis the German]] of [[East Francia]] and the southern lands of Charles of Provence to King [[Charles the Bald]] of [[West Francia]]. | ||
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| - | After the overthrow of Charles the Bald in 877, followed by the death of his incapable son [[Louis the Stammerer]] two years later, the Frankish noble [[Boso of Provence]] proclaimed himself a "King of Burgundy and Provence" at [[Vienne]] in 879 and established his kingdom of [[Lower Burgundy]] and Provence. | ||
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| - | [[Upper Burgundy]] remained under the influence of the East Frankish king [[Charles the Fat]]. It was centered in what is now western Switzerland, and included some neighboring territories now in France and Italy and some which later became the [[Franche-Comté]]. From 887 these northern territories formed the Kingdom of [[Upper Burgundy]], proclaimed by the [[Elder House of Welf|Welf]] noble [[Rudolph I of Burgundy]] at [[Saint-Maurice, Switzerland]]. | ||
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| - | == Kingdom of Arles, 933–1378 {{anchor|Second Kingdom of Burgundy}} == | ||
| - | {{main|Kingdom of Arles}} | ||
| - | The ruler of Upper Burgundy, [[Rudolph II of Burgundy|Rudolph II]], acquired Lower Burgundy from [[Hugh of Italy|Hugh of Arles]] in 933 and created a kingdom which was known as the '''[[Kingdom of Arles]]'''. The Kingdom existed independently until 1033 when it was absorbed into the [[Holy Roman Empire]] under [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]]. It was one of the three kingdoms within the medieval Empire, along with the [[Kingdom of Germany]] and the [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kingdom of Italy]]. | ||
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| - | The kingdom gradually fragmented as it was continually divided among heirs, or territories were lost and acquired through diplomacy and dynastic marriages. | ||
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| - | By 1378, when the Kingdom of Arles ceased to exist, large parts were already held by the [[County of Savoy]]. The remaining lands were ceded to the [[Dauphin of France]] [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] by Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]], creating the [[Dauphiné]]. | ||
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| - | =="Third Kingdom of Burgundy"== | ||
| - | In the late 15th century Duke [[Charles the Bold]] conceived the project of combining his territories into a "Third Kingdom of Burgundy" with himself as its fully independent monarch. Charles even persuaded the Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] to crown him as a king at [[Trier]]. The planned ceremony did not take place because the emperor fled during the night of September 1473, due to his displeasure with the duke's attitude. This ultimately ended the duchy as an independent realm with the defeat and mutilation of Charles at the [[Battle of Nancy]]. | ||
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| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *[[History of Burgundy]] | *[[History of Burgundy]] | ||
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Kingdom of Burgundy was a name given to various states located in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. The historical Burgundy correlates with the border area of France, Italy and Switzerland and includes the major modern cities of Geneva and Lyon.
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See also
- History of Burgundy
- List of kings of Burgundy
- List of counts of Burgundy
- List of rulers of Provence
- Dukes of Burgundy family tree
- Burgundian Netherlands
- Duke of Burgundy
- Burgundian Circle
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