Kingdom of Burgundy  

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-	'''Tour & Taxis''' (is a large formerly [[industrial site]] in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]].
-	The site is composed of large warehouses and offices surrounding a former train station and its spacious central hall. The buildings on the site are made of brick, glass and [[wrought iron]], examples of the quality of [[19th-century architecture]]. Though it was long disused following its loss of importance as a shipping and customs hub, the site has now been partially restored, and is now used for large cultural events, including [[Couleur Café]] and the Brussels Design Market, as well as [[office space]]. It is situated on the [[Brussels Canal]] in the [[City of Brussels]] municipality, immediately adjacent to [[Sint-Jans-Molenbeek]], just northwest of [[pentagon (Brussels)|the city centre]] and about a kilometre west of the [[Northern Quarter (Brussels)|Northern Quarter]] financial district.	+	'''Kingdom of Burgundy''' was a name given to various states located in [[Western Europe]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. The historical Burgundy correlates with the border area of [[France]], [[Italy]] and [[Switzerland]] and includes the major modern cities of [[Geneva]] and [[Lyon]].
-	==History==	+	As a political entity, Burgundy has existed in a number of forms with different boundaries, notably, when divided in Upper and Lower Burgundy and Provence. Two of these entities — the first around the 6th century, the second around the 11th century — have been called the Kingdom of Burgundy. At other times there existed [[Kingdom of Provence]], [[Duchy of Burgundy]] and [[County of Burgundy]].
-	Over the long history of the swampy lands that originally constituted the site, certain parcels belonged to the [[Thurn und Taxis]] (or ''Tassis''), a German noble family. [[Philip I of Castile|Philip the Fair]] of [[Kingdom of Burgundy|Burgundy]] promoted Frans Von Tassis to [[Postmaster General|postmaster]]. Francisco had moved the family to Brussels by 1516, and they organized the first international [[postal service]] out of Brussels. The imperial postal service linked the wealthy [[Low Countries]] to the [[Spain|Spanish]] court, and served the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the rest of Europe. The horse-based postal service would be based in Brussels for nearly two centuries before moving to [[Frankfurt]] in 1704.	+
-	The fields in were used as for pasture for the family's horses. The family gave their name to a small road that crossed through the area. This was rendered into French as ''Tour et Taxis'', and would give its name to the area after its transition into a busy port.	+	[[File:Map Burgundian Kingdom EN.png|thumb|Kingdom of the Burgundians after their settlement in Savoy from 443.]]
		+	[[File:Map Burgundian Kingdom 2 EN.png|thumb|Burgundy as part of the [[Frankish Empire]] between 534 and 843.]]
		+	[[File:Karte Hoch und Niederburgund EN.png|thumb|The Kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy between 879 and 933.]]
		+	[[File:Map_Kingdom_Arelat_EN.png|thumb|right|Kingdom of Arles (1033–1378).]]
		+	[[File:Karte Haus Burgund 4 EN.png|thumb|The holdings of the [[House of Valois-Burgundy]] during the reign of [[Charles the Bold]] in the late 15th century.]]
		+
		+	==Kingdom of the Burgundians (4th century – 534 AD)==
		+	{{main|Kingdom of the Burgundians}}
		+	Burgundy is named after a [[Germanic tribe]] of [[Burgundians]] who originated in mainland [[Scandinavia]], then settled on the island of [[Bornholm]], whose name in [[Old Norse]] was ''Burgundarholmr'' ("Island of the Burgundians"). From there they migrated south through Germanic lands into [[Roman Gaul]] and settled in the western part of the [[Alps]] and [[Rhône]] valley, establishing a [[Barbarian kingdoms|barbarian kingdom]] of the Burgundians.
		+
		+	The first documented, though not historically verified King of the [[Burgundians]] was [[Gjúki]] (Gebicca), who lived in the late 4th century. In the course of the [[Crossing of the Rhine]] in 406 the Burgundians settled as ''[[foederati]]'' in the Roman province of [[Germania Secunda]] along the [[Middle Rhine]]. Their situation worsened when about 430 their king [[Gunther]] started several invasions into neighbouring [[Gallia Belgica]], which led to a crushing defeat by joined Roman and [[Huns|Hunnic]] troops under [[Flavius Aetius]] in 436 near [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] (the origin of the mediæval ''[[Nibelungenlied]]'' poem).
		+
		+	The remaining Burgundians from 443 onwards settled in the ''Sapaudia'' (i.e. [[Savoy]]) region, again as ''foederati'' in the Roman [[Sequani|Maxima Sequanorum]] province. Their efforts to enlarge their kingdom down the [[Rhône]] river brought them into conflict with the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] in the south. After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in 476, king [[Gundobad]] allied with the powerful [[Franks|Frank]] king [[Clovis I]] against the threat of [[Theoderic the Great]]. He was then able to organize the Burgundian acquisitions based on the ''[[Lex Burgundionum]]'', an [[Early Germanic law]] code.
		+
		+	The decline of the Kingdom began when they came under attack from their former Frank allies. In 523 the sons of Clovis I campaigned in the Burgundian lands, instigated by their mother [[Clotilde]], whose father king [[Chilperic II of Burgundy]] had been killed by Gundobad. In 532 the Burgundians were decisively defeated by the Franks at [[Autun]], whereafter king [[Godomar]] was killed and Burgundian lands was annexed by the [[Frankish Empire]] in 534.
		+
		+	==Frankish Burgundy, 534–933==
		+	While there no longer was an independent Burgundian kingdom, between 561 and 584 and between 639 and 737 several rulers of the Frankish [[Merovingian dynasty]] used the title of "King of Burgundy".
		+
		+	==Kingdom of Provence, 855–863==
		+	Partitions of Charlemagne's empire by his immediate [[Carolingians|Carolingian]] heirs led to a short-lived kingdom of [[Middle Francia]], which was created after the 843 [[Treaty of Verdun]]. It included lands from North Sea to southern Italy and was ruled by emperor [[Lothair I]]. The northwestern part of the former Burgundian lands as [[Duchy of Burgundy]] (''Bourgogne'') was included in the kingdom of [[West Francia]]. Shortly before his death in 855, Lothair I divided his kingdom among his three sons in three parts - [[Lotharingia]], [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]] and regions of [[Lower Burgundy]] and [[Provence]] which were left to the youngest son - [[Charles of Provence]]. This partition created more conflicts, as older Carolingians who ruled [[West Francia]] and [[East Francia]] viewed themselves as the true heirs of [[Middle Francia]].
		+
		+	As Charles of Provence was too young to rule, the actual power was held by regent, count [[Girart de Roussillon|Girart II of Vienne]] whose wife was the sister-in-law of emperor Lothar I. Girart was a strong regent, defending the kingdom from Vikings, who raided as far as [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]]. Charles' uncle, [[Charles the Bald]] of [[West Francia]], attempted to intervene in Provence in 861 after receiving an appeal for intervention from the [[Count of Arles]]. He invaded Provence as far as [[Mâcon]] before being restrained by [[Hincmar of Rheims]].
		+
		+	==Upper and Lower Burgundy==
		+	In 858, Count Girart arranged that should Charles of Provence die without heirs, the Kingdom of Provence would revert to Charles' older brother [[Lothair II]] who ruled in [[Lotharingia]]. When Charles died in 863, his oldest brother [[Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis II]] claimed Provence for himself, so the kingdom was divided between the two remaining brothers: Lothair II received the bishoprics of [[Lyon]], [[Vienne]] and [[Grenoble]], to be governed by Girart; and Louis II received Arles, [[Aix-en-provence]] and [[ Embrun, Hautes-Alpes |Embrun]].
		+
		+	After the death of Lothair II, the 870 [[Treaty of Meerssen]] allotted the northern part of former [[Middle Francia]] to King [[Louis the German]] of [[East Francia]] and the southern lands of Charles of Provence to King [[Charles the Bald]] of [[West Francia]].
		+
		+	After the overthrow of Charles the Bald in 877, followed by the death of his incapable son [[Louis the Stammerer]] two years later, the Frankish noble [[Boso of Provence]] proclaimed himself a "King of Burgundy and Provence" at [[Vienne]] in 879 and established his kingdom of [[Lower Burgundy]] and Provence.
		+
		+	[[Upper Burgundy]] remained under the influence of the East Frankish king [[Charles the Fat]]. It was centered in what is now western Switzerland, and included some neighboring territories now in France and Italy and some which later became the [[Franche-Comté]]. From 887 these northern territories formed the Kingdom of [[Upper Burgundy]], proclaimed by the [[Elder House of Welf|Welf]] noble [[Rudolph I of Burgundy]] at [[Saint-Maurice, Switzerland]].
		+
		+	== Kingdom of Arles, 933–1378 {{anchor|Second Kingdom of Burgundy}} ==
		+	{{main|Kingdom of Arles}}
		+	The ruler of Upper Burgundy, [[Rudolph II of Burgundy|Rudolph II]], acquired Lower Burgundy from [[Hugh of Italy|Hugh of Arles]] in 933 and created a kingdom which was known as the '''[[Kingdom of Arles]]'''. The Kingdom existed independently until 1033 when it was absorbed into the [[Holy Roman Empire]] under [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]]. It was one of the three kingdoms within the medieval Empire, along with the [[Kingdom of Germany]] and the [[Kingdom of Italy (medieval)|Kingdom of Italy]].
		+
		+	The kingdom gradually fragmented as it was continually divided among heirs, or territories were lost and acquired through diplomacy and dynastic marriages.
		+
		+	By 1378, when the Kingdom of Arles ceased to exist, large parts were already held by the [[County of Savoy]]. The remaining lands were ceded to the [[Dauphin of France]] [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] by Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]], creating the [[Dauphiné]].
		+
		+	=="Third Kingdom of Burgundy"==
		+	In the late 15th century Duke [[Charles the Bold]] conceived the project of combining his territories into a "Third Kingdom of Burgundy" with himself as its fully independent monarch. Charles even persuaded the Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] to crown him as a king at [[Trier]]. The planned ceremony did not take place because the emperor fled during the night of September 1473, due to his displeasure with the duke's attitude. This ultimately ended the duchy as an independent realm with the defeat and mutilation of Charles at the [[Battle of Nancy]].
		+
		+	==See also==
		+	*[[History of Burgundy]]
		+	*[[List of kings of Burgundy]]
		+	*[[List of counts of Burgundy]]
		+	*[[List of rulers of Provence]]
		+	*[[Dukes of Burgundy family tree]]
		+	*[[Burgundian Netherlands]]
		+	*[[Duke of Burgundy]]
		+	*[[Burgundian Circle]]
	{{GFDL}}		{{GFDL}}

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Revision as of 15:36, 17 May 2018

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Kingdom of Burgundy was a name given to various states located in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. The historical Burgundy correlates with the border area of France, Italy and Switzerland and includes the major modern cities of Geneva and Lyon.

As a political entity, Burgundy has existed in a number of forms with different boundaries, notably, when divided in Upper and Lower Burgundy and Provence. Two of these entities — the first around the 6th century, the second around the 11th century — have been called the Kingdom of Burgundy. At other times there existed Kingdom of Provence, Duchy of Burgundy and County of Burgundy.

thumb|Kingdom of the Burgundians after their settlement in Savoy from 443. [[File:Map Burgundian Kingdom 2 EN.png|thumb|Burgundy as part of the Frankish Empire between 534 and 843.]] thumb|The Kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy between 879 and 933. thumb|right|Kingdom of Arles (1033–1378). [[File:Karte Haus Burgund 4 EN.png|thumb|The holdings of the House of Valois-Burgundy during the reign of Charles the Bold in the late 15th century.]]

Contents 1 Kingdom of the Burgundians (4th century – 534 AD) 2 Frankish Burgundy, 534–933 3 Kingdom of Provence, 855–863 4 Upper and Lower Burgundy 5 Kingdom of Arles, 933–1378 Template:Anchor 6 "Third Kingdom of Burgundy" 7 See also

Kingdom of the Burgundians (4th century – 534 AD)

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Burgundy is named after a Germanic tribe of Burgundians who originated in mainland Scandinavia, then settled on the island of Bornholm, whose name in Old Norse was Burgundarholmr ("Island of the Burgundians"). From there they migrated south through Germanic lands into Roman Gaul and settled in the western part of the Alps and Rhône valley, establishing a barbarian kingdom of the Burgundians.

The first documented, though not historically verified King of the Burgundians was Gjúki (Gebicca), who lived in the late 4th century. In the course of the Crossing of the Rhine in 406 the Burgundians settled as foederati in the Roman province of Germania Secunda along the Middle Rhine. Their situation worsened when about 430 their king Gunther started several invasions into neighbouring Gallia Belgica, which led to a crushing defeat by joined Roman and Hunnic troops under Flavius Aetius in 436 near Worms (the origin of the mediæval Nibelungenlied poem).

The remaining Burgundians from 443 onwards settled in the Sapaudia (i.e. Savoy) region, again as foederati in the Roman Maxima Sequanorum province. Their efforts to enlarge their kingdom down the Rhône river brought them into conflict with the Visigothic Kingdom in the south. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, king Gundobad allied with the powerful Frank king Clovis I against the threat of Theoderic the Great. He was then able to organize the Burgundian acquisitions based on the Lex Burgundionum, an Early Germanic law code.

The decline of the Kingdom began when they came under attack from their former Frank allies. In 523 the sons of Clovis I campaigned in the Burgundian lands, instigated by their mother Clotilde, whose father king Chilperic II of Burgundy had been killed by Gundobad. In 532 the Burgundians were decisively defeated by the Franks at Autun, whereafter king Godomar was killed and Burgundian lands was annexed by the Frankish Empire in 534.

Frankish Burgundy, 534–933

While there no longer was an independent Burgundian kingdom, between 561 and 584 and between 639 and 737 several rulers of the Frankish Merovingian dynasty used the title of "King of Burgundy".

Kingdom of Provence, 855–863

Partitions of Charlemagne's empire by his immediate Carolingian heirs led to a short-lived kingdom of Middle Francia, which was created after the 843 Treaty of Verdun. It included lands from North Sea to southern Italy and was ruled by emperor Lothair I. The northwestern part of the former Burgundian lands as Duchy of Burgundy (Bourgogne) was included in the kingdom of West Francia. Shortly before his death in 855, Lothair I divided his kingdom among his three sons in three parts - Lotharingia, Kingdom of Italy and regions of Lower Burgundy and Provence which were left to the youngest son - Charles of Provence. This partition created more conflicts, as older Carolingians who ruled West Francia and East Francia viewed themselves as the true heirs of Middle Francia.

As Charles of Provence was too young to rule, the actual power was held by regent, count Girart II of Vienne whose wife was the sister-in-law of emperor Lothar I. Girart was a strong regent, defending the kingdom from Vikings, who raided as far as Valence. Charles' uncle, Charles the Bald of West Francia, attempted to intervene in Provence in 861 after receiving an appeal for intervention from the Count of Arles. He invaded Provence as far as Mâcon before being restrained by Hincmar of Rheims.

Upper and Lower Burgundy

In 858, Count Girart arranged that should Charles of Provence die without heirs, the Kingdom of Provence would revert to Charles' older brother Lothair II who ruled in Lotharingia. When Charles died in 863, his oldest brother Louis II claimed Provence for himself, so the kingdom was divided between the two remaining brothers: Lothair II received the bishoprics of Lyon, Vienne and Grenoble, to be governed by Girart; and Louis II received Arles, Aix-en-provence and Embrun.

After the death of Lothair II, the 870 Treaty of Meerssen allotted the northern part of former Middle Francia to King Louis the German of East Francia and the southern lands of Charles of Provence to King Charles the Bald of West Francia.

After the overthrow of Charles the Bald in 877, followed by the death of his incapable son Louis the Stammerer two years later, the Frankish noble Boso of Provence proclaimed himself a "King of Burgundy and Provence" at Vienne in 879 and established his kingdom of Lower Burgundy and Provence.

Upper Burgundy remained under the influence of the East Frankish king Charles the Fat. It was centered in what is now western Switzerland, and included some neighboring territories now in France and Italy and some which later became the Franche-Comté. From 887 these northern territories formed the Kingdom of Upper Burgundy, proclaimed by the Welf noble Rudolph I of Burgundy at Saint-Maurice, Switzerland.

Kingdom of Arles, 933–1378 Template:Anchor

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