John Calvin
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| - | [[Image:Gheerhaets Allegory iconoclasm.jpg|200px|thumb|''The image breakers'', c.[[1566]] –[[1568]] by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder]] The etching is also known as ''Allegory of Iconoclasm''. Although not particularly sympathetic to the [[Calvinist]] [[image breaker]]s, it is mainly critical of the [[Church]]. Thus the etching might have been the main reason why Gheeraerts had to flee to England in 1568. (British Museum, Dept. of Print and Drawings, 1933.1.1..3)]] | + | [[Image:Gheerhaets Allegory iconoclasm.jpg|200px|thumb|This page ''{{PAGENAME}}'' is a part of the [[protestantism]] series. |
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| + | <small>Illustration: ''[[The image breakers]]'', c.[[1566]] –[[1568]] by [[Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder]]</small>]] | ||
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| + | '''John Calvin''' (10 July 1509 - 27 May 1564) was a French [[Christian theology|theologian]], [[pastor]] and [[Protestant Reformers|reformer]] in [[Geneva]] during the [[Protestant Reformation]]. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of [[Christian theology]] later called [[Calvinism]], aspects of which include the doctrines of [[predestination]] and of the [[monergism|absolute sovereignty]] of God in [[salvation]] of the human soul from death and [[damnation|eternal damnation]], in which doctrines [[Augustine's influence on John Calvin|Calvin was influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian]] and other Christian traditions. Various [[Congregational church|Congregational]], [[Reformed churches|Reformed]] and [[Presbyterian]] churches, which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world. | ||
| - | '''John Calvin''' ''né'' '''Jean Cauvin''' (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564) was an influential [[French people|French]] [[theology|theologian]] and pastor during the [[Protestant Reformation]]. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of [[Christian theology]] later called [[Calvinism]]. Originally trained as a [[Renaissance Humanism|humanist]] lawyer, he suddenly broke from the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in the 1520s. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestants in France, Calvin fled to [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]], where in 1536 he published the first edition of his seminal work ''[[Institutes of the Christian Religion]]''. | + | Calvin was a tireless [[polemicist]] and [[Christian apologetics|apologetic]] writer who generated much controversy. He also exchanged cordial and supportive letters with many reformers, including [[Philipp Melanchthon]] and [[Heinrich Bullinger]]. In addition to his seminal ''[[Institutes of the Christian Religion]]'', Calvin wrote commentaries on most books of the Bible, [[confession of faith|confessional documents]], and various other theological treatises. |
| - | Calvin was invited by [[William Farel]] to help reform the church in [[Geneva]]. The city council resisted the implementation of Calvin and Farel's ideas, and both men were expelled. At the invitation of [[Martin Bucer]], Calvin proceeded to [[Strasbourg]], where he became the minister of a church of French refugees. He continued to support the reform movement in Geneva, and was eventually invited back to lead its church. Following his return, he introduced new forms of church government and [[Christian liturgy|liturgy]], despite the opposition of several powerful families in the city who tried to curb his authority. During this period, [[Michael Servetus]], a Spaniard known for his [[Christian heresy|heretical]] views, arrived in Geneva. He was denounced by Calvin and executed by the city council. Following an influx of supportive refugees and new elections to the city council, Calvin's opponents were forced out. Calvin spent his final years promoting the Reformation both in Geneva and throughout Europe. | + | Calvin was originally trained as a [[Renaissance Humanism|humanist]] lawyer. He broke from the [[Roman Catholic Church]] around 1530. After religious tensions erupted in widespread deadly violence against [[Protestant Christians]] in France, Calvin fled to [[Basel]], Switzerland, where in 1536 he published the first edition of the ''Institutes''. In that same year, Calvin was recruited by Frenchman [[William Farel]] to join the Reformation in [[Geneva]], where he regularly preached sermons throughout the week; but the governing council of the city resisted the implementation of their ideas, and both men were expelled. At the invitation of [[Martin Bucer]], Calvin proceeded to [[Strasbourg]], where he became the minister of a church of French refugees. He continued to support the reform movement in Geneva, and in 1541 he was invited back to lead the church of the city. |
| - | Calvin was a tireless [[polemic]] and [[Christian apologetics|apologetic]] writer who generated much controversy. He also exchanged cordial and supportive letters with many reformers including [[Philipp Melanchthon]] and [[Heinrich Bullinger]]. In addition to the ''Institutes'', he wrote commentaries on most books of the [[Bible]] as well as theological treatises and [[confession of faith|confessional documents]], and he regularly gave sermons throughout the week in Geneva. Calvin was influenced by the [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] tradition, which led him to expound the doctrine of [[predestination]] and the [[monergism|absolute sovereignty]] of God in [[salvation]]. | + | Following his return, Calvin introduced new forms of church government and [[Christian liturgy|liturgy]], despite opposition from several powerful families in the city who tried to curb his authority. During this period, [[Michael Servetus]], a Spaniard regarded by both Roman Catholics and Protestants as having a [[Christian heresy|heretical]] view of the [[Trinity]], arrived in Geneva. He was denounced by Calvin and [[burned at the stake]] for heresy by the city council. Following an influx of supportive refugees and new elections to the city council, Calvin's opponents were forced out. Calvin spent his final years promoting the Reformation both in Geneva and throughout Europe. |
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| - | Calvin's writing and preaching provided the seeds for the branch of theology that bears his name. The [[Presbyterian]] and other [[Reformed churches]], which look to Calvin as a chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world. Calvin's thought exerted considerable influence over major religious figures and entire religious movements, such as [[Puritan]]ism, and his ideas have been cited as contributing to the rise of [[capitalism]], [[individualism]], and [[representative democracy]] in the West. | + | |
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Illustration: The image breakers, c.1566 –1568 by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder
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John Calvin (10 July 1509 - 27 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, aspects of which include the doctrines of predestination and of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation, in which doctrines Calvin was influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other Christian traditions. Various Congregational, Reformed and Presbyterian churches, which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world.
Calvin was a tireless polemicist and apologetic writer who generated much controversy. He also exchanged cordial and supportive letters with many reformers, including Philipp Melanchthon and Heinrich Bullinger. In addition to his seminal Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin wrote commentaries on most books of the Bible, confessional documents, and various other theological treatises.
Calvin was originally trained as a humanist lawyer. He broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530. After religious tensions erupted in widespread deadly violence against Protestant Christians in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland, where in 1536 he published the first edition of the Institutes. In that same year, Calvin was recruited by Frenchman William Farel to join the Reformation in Geneva, where he regularly preached sermons throughout the week; but the governing council of the city resisted the implementation of their ideas, and both men were expelled. At the invitation of Martin Bucer, Calvin proceeded to Strasbourg, where he became the minister of a church of French refugees. He continued to support the reform movement in Geneva, and in 1541 he was invited back to lead the church of the city.
Following his return, Calvin introduced new forms of church government and liturgy, despite opposition from several powerful families in the city who tried to curb his authority. During this period, Michael Servetus, a Spaniard regarded by both Roman Catholics and Protestants as having a heretical view of the Trinity, arrived in Geneva. He was denounced by Calvin and burned at the stake for heresy by the city council. Following an influx of supportive refugees and new elections to the city council, Calvin's opponents were forced out. Calvin spent his final years promoting the Reformation both in Geneva and throughout Europe.
