Joan of Arc
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| {{Template}}'''Joan of Arc''' is the English name of '''Jeanne d'Arc''', also called the '''Maid of Orléans''', a national [[heroine]] of [[France]] and [[saint]] of the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]] who was born in [[1412]] and [[executed]] in [[1431]]. | {{Template}}'''Joan of Arc''' is the English name of '''Jeanne d'Arc''', also called the '''Maid of Orléans''', a national [[heroine]] of [[France]] and [[saint]] of the [[Catholicism|Catholic Church]] who was born in [[1412]] and [[executed]] in [[1431]]. | ||
| - | She was tried and executed for heresy when she was only 19 years old. The judgment was broken by the Pope and she was declared innocent and a [[martyr]] 24 years later. She was [[Beatification|beatified]] in 1909 and [[Canonization|canonized]] as a [[saint]] in 1920.<ref name="longwinded"> | + | She was tried and executed for heresy when she was only 19 years old. The judgment was broken by the Pope and she was declared innocent and a [[martyr]] 24 years later. She was [[Beatification|beatified]] in 1909 and [[Canonization|canonized]] as a [[saint]] in 1920. |
| - | Modern biographical summaries often assert a birthdate | + | |
| - | of 6 January. Actually she could only estimate her own age. | + | |
| - | All of the rehabilitation-trial witnesses likewise | + | |
| - | estimated her age even though several of these people were | + | |
| - | her godmothers and godfathers. The 6 January claim is | + | |
| - | based on a single source: a letter from Lord Perceval de | + | |
| - | Boullainvilliers on 21 July 1429 (see Pernoud's ''Joan of Arc | + | |
| - | By Herself and Her Witnesses'', p. 98: "Boulainvilliers | + | |
| - | tells of her birth in Domrémy, and it is he who gives us an | + | |
| - | exact date, which may be the true one, saying that she was | + | |
| - | born on the night of Epiphany, January 6"). Boulainvilliers, | + | |
| - | however, was not from Domrémy. The event was probably not | + | |
| - | recorded. The practice of [[parish register]]s for non-noble | + | |
| - | births did not begin until several generations later.</ref> | + | |
| Joan asserted that she had visions from [[God]] which told her to recover her homeland from [[England|English]] domination late in the [[Hundred Years' War]]. The uncrowned [[Charles VII of France|King Charles VII]] sent her to the [[Siege of Orléans|siege at Orléans]] as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence when she overcame the dismissive attitude of veteran commanders and lifted the siege in only nine days. Several more swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at [[Reims]] and settled the disputed succession to the throne. | Joan asserted that she had visions from [[God]] which told her to recover her homeland from [[England|English]] domination late in the [[Hundred Years' War]]. The uncrowned [[Charles VII of France|King Charles VII]] sent her to the [[Siege of Orléans|siege at Orléans]] as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence when she overcame the dismissive attitude of veteran commanders and lifted the siege in only nine days. Several more swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at [[Reims]] and settled the disputed succession to the throne. | ||
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She was tried and executed for heresy when she was only 19 years old. The judgment was broken by the Pope and she was declared innocent and a martyr 24 years later. She was beatified in 1909 and canonized as a saint in 1920.
Joan asserted that she had visions from God which told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent her to the siege at Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence when she overcame the dismissive attitude of veteran commanders and lifted the siege in only nine days. Several more swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims and settled the disputed succession to the throne.
The renewed French confidence outlasted her own brief career. She refused to leave the field when she was wounded during an attempt to recapture Paris that autumn. Hampered by court intrigues, she led only minor companies from then onward and fell prisoner at a skirmish near Compiègne the following spring. A politically motivated trial convicted her of heresy. The English regent John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford had her burnt at the stake in Rouen. She had been the heroine of her country at the age of 17 and died when only 19 years old. Some 24 years later, Pope Callixtus III reopened the case, and a new finding overturned the original conviction. Her piety to the end impressed the retrial court. Pope Benedict XV canonized her on May 16, 1920.
She has remained an important figure in Western culture and many other nations. From Napoleon to the present, French politicians of all leanings have invoked her memory. Major writers and composers who have created works about her include Shakespeare, Voltaire, Schiller, Verdi, Tchaikovsky, Twain, Shaw, Brecht, Anderson, Honegger, Cohen and Anouilh. Depictions of her continue in film, television, song, and even video games.
