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-'''Islamism''' ([[Islam]]&nbsp;+ [[-ism]]) or '''political Islam''' ({{lang-ar|{{large|الإسلام السياسي}}}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|Islām siyāsī}}''; or {{lang|ar|{{large|الإسلامية}}}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|al-Islāmīyah}}'') is a set of [[List of political ideologies|ideologies]] holding that "Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life".<ref name="Berman, S 2003, p. 258">{{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Sheri |title=Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2003 |page=258 |doi=10.1017/S1537592703000197}}</ref> "Islamism" is a controversial [[neologism]] whose definition sometimes varies (see next section). Islamists can have varying interpretations on various [[Quranic]] [[suras]] and [[ayahs]]. Islamist views emphasize the implementation of [[Sharia]] (Islamic law); of [[pan-Islamic]] political unity; and of the selective removal of non-Muslim, particularly [[Western world|Western]] military, economic, political, social, or cultural influences in the [[Muslim world]] that they believe to be incompatible with Islam.<ref>[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/uploads/lib/N68YF4S6MM9K6TM.pdf Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism] by DALE C. EIKMEIER From ''Parameters'', Spring 2007, pp. 85-98. Accessed 6 February 2012</ref> Some observers (Graham Fuller) suggest Islamism's tenets are less strict, and can be defined as a form of [[identity politics]] or "support for [Muslim] identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, [and] revitalization of the community".<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 21</ref> Following the [[Arab Spring]], political Islam has been described as "increasingly interdependent" with political democracy.<ref name="foreignpolicy1">{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/04/16/the_new_islamists |title=The New Islamists |first=Olivier |last=Roy |publisher=foreignpolicy.com |date=April 16, 2012}}</ref>+'''Islamism''' ([[Islam]]&nbsp;+ [[-ism]]) or '''political Islam''' ({{lang-ar|{{large|الإسلام السياسي}}}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|Islām siyāsī}}''; or {{lang|ar|{{large|الإسلامية}}}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|al-Islāmīyah}}'') is a set of [[List of political ideologies|ideologies]] holding that "Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life". "Islamism" is a controversial [[neologism]] whose definition sometimes varies (see next section). Islamists can have varying interpretations on various [[Quranic]] [[suras]] and [[ayahs]]. Islamist views emphasize the implementation of [[Sharia]] (Islamic law); of [[pan-Islamic]] political unity; and of the selective removal of non-Muslim, particularly [[Western world|Western]] military, economic, political, social, or cultural influences in the [[Muslim world]] that they believe to be incompatible with Islam. Some observers (Graham Fuller) suggest Islamism's tenets are less strict, and can be defined as a form of [[identity politics]] or "support for [Muslim] identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, [and] revitalization of the community". Following the [[Arab Spring]], political Islam has been described as "increasingly interdependent" with political democracy.
-Islamists<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/africa/8087-how-credible-is-the-claim-of-the-failure-of-political-islam|title=How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?|date=31 October 2013|author=Rashid Ghannouchi|newspaper=MEMO}}</ref> generally oppose the use of the term, claiming that their political beliefs and goals are simply an expression of Islamic religious belief. Similarly, some experts ([[Bernard Lewis]]) favor the term "activist Islam",<ref name="ICG">{{cite web |title=Understanding Islamism |work=International Crisis Group |url=http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/Islamism2Mar05.pdf |format=PDF }}{{dead link|date=October 2014}} {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5sunFyPbv|date =2010-09-21}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/4557 Islamic republic] by [[Bernard Lewis]]</ref> or "political Islam" (Trevor Stanley),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwhce.org/islamism.html|title=Trevor Stanley, Definition: Islamism, Islamist, Islamiste, Islamicist, Perspectives on World History and Current Events, July 2005. URL: http://www.pwhce.org/islamism.html Downloaded: 11 June 2007|publisher=Pwhce.org|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref> and some ([[Robin Wright (author)|Robin Wright]]) have equated the term "militant Islam" with Islamism.<ref>Wright, Robin, ''Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam,''</ref>+Islamists generally oppose the use of the term, claiming that their political beliefs and goals are simply an expression of Islamic religious belief. Similarly, some experts ([[Bernard Lewis]]) favor the term "activist Islam", or "political Islam" (Trevor Stanley), and some ([[Robin Wright (author)|Robin Wright]]) have equated the term "militant Islam" with Islamism.
-Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include [[Ata Abu Rashta]], [[Sayyid Qutb]], [[Hasan al-Banna]], [[Abul Ala Maududi]]<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 120</ref> and [[Ruhollah Khomeini]].<ref name="KramerTerms"/> Other important figures who inspired various Islamist movements are [[Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani]], [[Muhammad 'Abduh]], [[Rashid Rida]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Muhammad Asad]], [[Said Nursî]], [[Taqiuddin al-Nabhani]], [[Ali Shariati]], [[Navvab Safavi]], [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] and [[Rashid al-Ghannushi]].+Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include [[Ata Abu Rashta]], [[Sayyid Qutb]], [[Hasan al-Banna]], [[Abul Ala Maududi]] and [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]. Other important figures who inspired various Islamist movements are [[Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani]], [[Muhammad 'Abduh]], [[Rashid Rida]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Muhammad Asad]], [[Said Nursî]], [[Taqiuddin al-Nabhani]], [[Ali Shariati]], [[Navvab Safavi]], [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] and [[Rashid al-Ghannushi]].
- +
-== Definitions ==+
- +
-Islamism has been defined as:+
-* "the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life",<ref name="Berman, S 2003, p. 258"/>+
-* movement of "supporters of government in accord with the laws of Islam [and] who view the Quran as a political model ([[Associated Press]]'s (AP) original definition of "Islamist")+
-* a pejorative shorthand for [[extremist Muslims]] or Muslims the American news media "don't like." ("[[Council on American–Islamic Relations]] complaint about old AP definition of Islamist)+
-* "the [Islamic] ideology that guides society as a whole and that [teaches] law must be in conformity with the Islamic sharia",<ref>Shepard, W. E. ''Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam''. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill., (1996). p. 40</ref>+
-* an unsustainably flexible movement of ... everything to everyone: an alternative social provider to the poor masses; an angry platform for the disillusioned young; a loud trumpet-call announcing `a return to the pure religion` to those seeking an identity; a "progressive, moderate religious platform` for the affluent and liberal; ... and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals.<ref name=Osman.p111>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the brink'', 2010, p.111</ref>+
-* an Islamic "movement that seeks cultural differentiation from the West and reconnection with the pre-colonial symbolic universe",<ref>Burgat, F, "Islamic Movement", pp. 39-41, 67-71, 309</ref>+
-* "the organised political trend, owing its modern origin to the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1928, that seeks to solve modern political problems by reference to Muslim texts",<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization/left_jihad_3886.jsp|title=Fred Halliday, from "The Left and the Jihad", Open Democracy 7 September 2006|publisher=Opendemocracy.net|date=2011-04-06|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref>+
-* "the whole body of thought which seeks to invest society with Islam which may be integrationist, but may also be traditionalist, reform-minded or even revolutionary",<ref name="autogenerated1" />+
-* "the active assertion and promotion of beliefs, prescriptions, laws or policies that are held to be Islamic in character,"<ref name="ICG"/>+
-* a movement of "Muslims who draw upon the belief, symbols, and language of Islam to inspire, shape, and animate political activity;" which may contain moderate, tolerant, peaceful activists, and/or those who "preach intolerance and espouse violence."<ref>[http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/nea/960508PelletreauMuslim.html Speech by Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr.], Council on Foreign Relations, May 8, 1996.</ref>+
-* a term "used by outsiders to denote a strand of activity which they think justifies their misconception of Islam as something rigid and immobile, a mere tribal affiliation."<ref name="KramerTerms">[http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists Coming to Terms, Fundamentalists or Islamists? Martin Kramer] originally in ''Middle East Quarterly'' (Spring 2003), pp. 65-77.</ref><ref>Ayatollah Fadlallah, in interview by ''Monday Morning'' (Beirut), Aug. 10, 1992. "Fadlallah later revised his position" saying he preferred the phrase 'Islamist movement,' to Islamic 'fundamentalism.' Quoted in ''Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?'' by [[Martin Kramer]]</ref>+
- +
-Islamism takes different forms and spans a wide range of strategies and tactics towards the powers in place -- "destruction, opposition, collaboration, indifference"<ref name=Roy-24>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|title=The Failure of Political Islam|date=1994|pages=24}}</ref>—and thus is not [[Pan-Islamism|a united movement]].+
- +
-Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the Tunisian [[Ennahda Movement]]. [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic [[Vanguard party]] but has also gained political influence through military [[coup d'état]] in past.<ref name=Roy-24/> The Islamist groups like [[Hezbollah]] in [[Lebanon]] and [[Hamas]] in [[Palestine]] participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks, seeking to abolish the state of [[Israel]]. [[Radical Islam]]ist organizations like [[al-Qaeda]] and the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]], and groups such as the [[Taliban]], entirely reject [[democracy]], often declaring as ''[[kafir|kuffar]]'' those Muslims who support it (see ''[[takfir]]ism''), as well as calling for violent [[jihad]] or urging and conducting [[Islamic terrorism|attacks]] on a religious basis.+
- +
-Another major division within Islamism is between what [[Graham E. Fuller]] has described as the fundamentalist "guardians of the tradition" ([[Salafism|Salafis]], such as those in the [[Wahhabi]] movement) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref>Fuller, ''The Future of Political Islam'', (2003), p.194-5</ref> [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] argues that "Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century" when the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement and its focus on Islamisation of [[pan-Arabism]] was eclipsed by the [[Salafi]] movement with its emphasis on "sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam.<ref>Roy, Olivier, ''The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East'', Columbia University Press, (2008), p.92-3</ref> Following the [[Arab Spring]], Roy has described Islamism as "increasingly interdependent" with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that "neither can now survive without the other." While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy. At the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups.<ref name="foreignpolicy1"/>+
- +
-== History of the term ==+
- +
-The term, which originally denoted the religion of Islam, first appeared in English as ''Islam'' in 1696, and as ''Islamism'' in 1712.<ref name=OED>{{cite web |title=Islamism, n. |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/99982 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> By the turn of the twentieth century, it had begun to be displaced by the shorter and purely Arabic term Islam and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', seems to have virtually disappeared from English usage.<ref name="KramerTerms"/>+
- +
-The term "Islamism" acquired its contemporary connotations in French academia in the late 1970s and early 1980s. From French, it began to migrate to the English language in the mid-1980s, and in recent years has largely displaced the term [[Islamic fundamentalism]] in academic circles.<ref name="KramerTerms"/>+
- +
-The use of the term Islamism was at first "a marker for scholars more likely to sympathize" with new Islamic movements; however, as the term gained popularity it became more specifically associated with political groups such as the [[Taliban]] or the Algerian [[Armed Islamic Group]], as well as with highly publicized acts of violence.<ref name="KramerTerms"/>+
- +
-"Islamists" who have spoken out against the use of the term insisting they are merely "Muslims", include [[Ayatollah]] [[Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]], the spiritual mentor of [[Hizbullah]], and [[Abbassi Madani]], leader of the Algerian [[Islamic Salvation Front]].<ref name="KramerTerms"/>+
- +
-A 2003 article in ''[[Middle East Quarterly]]'' states:+
-<blockquote>In summation, the term Islamism enjoyed its first run, lasting from Voltaire to the [[World War I|First World War]], as a synonym for Islam. Enlightened scholars and writers generally preferred it to [[Mohammed]]anism. Eventually both terms yielded to Islam, the Arabic name of the faith, and a word free of either pejorative or comparative associations. There was no need for any other term, until the rise of an ideological and political interpretation of Islam challenged scholars and commentators to come up with an alternative, to distinguish Islam as modern ideology from Islam as a faith... To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage.<ref name="KramerTerms"/></blockquote>+
- +
-CAIR had complained that the AP's old definition of "Islamist"—a "supporter of government in accord with the laws of Islam [and] who view the Quran as a political model"—had become a pejorative shorthand for [[extremist Muslims]] or "Muslims we don't like."+
- +
-AP Stylebook's entry for Islamist now reads as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/04/ap-stylebook-revises-islamist-use-160943.html |title=AP Stylebook revises 'Islamist' use |publisher=Politico.Com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-18}}</ref> "An advocate or supporter of a political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam. Do not use as a synonym for Islamic fighters, militants, extremists or radicals, who may or may not be Islamists. Where possible, be specific and use the name of militant affiliations: al-Qaida-linked, Hezbollah, Taliban, etc. Those who view the Quran as a political model encompass a wide range of Muslims, from mainstream politicians to militants known as jihadi."+
- +
-== Relation to Islam ==+
-{{further|Political aspects of Islam}}+
-[[File:Al-Liwaa.svg|thumb|''Al-Liwaa'', the "state flag of the Islamic [[Pan-Islamism|Caliphate]]"]]+
-[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|thumb|The ''[[al-raya|Raya]]'' or "black flag of [[Jihad]]"]]+
-[[File:ShababFlag.svg|thumb|Islamist flag often seen in various locations during the [[Arab Spring]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2011/10/18/post-revolt-tunisia-wrestles-with-resurgent-islam/ |work=Blog.reuters.com |date=18 October 2011 |title=Faithworld blogpost}}</ref>]]+
- +
-Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include [[Fred Halliday]], [[John Esposito]]<ref>Esposito, ''Islam and Politics,'' (1998) p.7</ref> and Muslim intellectuals like [[Javed Ahmad Ghamidi]]. Hayri Abaza argues the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/it-islamic-or-islamist-73961|title=Is It Islamic or Islamist?|date=October 22, 2010|newspaper=Newsweek|author=Hayri Abaza}}</ref>+
- +
-Islamists have asked the question, "If Islam is a way of life, how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims, but Islamists and believe in Islamism, not [just] Islam?"<ref>[[Abid Ullah Jan]], {{Wayback |date=20060406064405 |url=http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion+editorials/2006+Opinion+Editorials/February/27o/Wikipedia+Good+Intentions,+Horrible+Consequences+By+Abid+Uallah+Jan.htm |title=Wikipedia: Good Intentions, Horrible Consequences }}{{dead link|date=October 2014}}, Al-Jazeerah Op-Ed, 27 February 2006. (archive.org accessed 2007-10-24).</ref> Similarly, a writer for the [[International Crisis Group]] maintains that "the conception of 'political Islam'" is a creation of Americans to explain the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]] and apolitical Islam was an historical fluke of the "shortlived heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970," and it is [[Political quietism|quietist]]/non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation.<ref name="ICGUnderstandingIslam">[http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/037-understanding-islamism.aspx Understanding Islamism] Middle East/North Africa Report N°37 2 March 2005</ref>+
- +
-On the other hand, Muslim-owned and run media (not just Western media) have used the terms "Islamist" and "Islamism" — as distinguished from Muslim and Islam — to distinguish groups such as the [[Islamic Salvation Front]] in Algeria<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/23E2EB3C-7B4F-4447-80CD-26EDAFEF18E8.htm |title=Algerian group joins al-Qaeda brand |publisher=English.aljazeera.net |accessdate=2012-04-21}}{{Dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref> or [[al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya|Jamaa Islamiya]] in Egypt,<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2006/04/200841010710321761.html |title=Egypt frees 900 Islamist militants |publisher=English.aljazeera.net |date= |accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref> which actively seek to implement Islamic law, from mainstream Muslim groups.+
- +
-Another source distinguishes Islamist from Islamic "by the fact that the latter refers to a religion and culture in existence over a millennium, whereas the first is a political/religious phenomenon linked to the great events of the 20th century". Islamists have, at least at times, defined themselves as "Islamiyyoun/Islamists" to differentiate themselves from "Muslimun/Muslims".<ref>''Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report'', W.W. Norton & Company, New York, (2004), p.562</ref>+
- +
-According to historian [[Bernard Lewis]], Islamism, (or as he terms it "activist" Islam), along with "quietism," form two "particular ... political traditions" in Islam.+
- +
-{{quote+
-| The arguments in favor of both are based, as are most early Islamic arguments, on the [[Qur'an|Holy Book]] and on the actions and sayings of the [[Muhammad|Prophet]].+
- +
-The [[Political Quietism|quietist]] tradition obviously rests on the Prophet as sovereign, as judge and statesman. But before the Prophet became a head of state, he was a rebel. Before he traveled from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]], where he became sovereign, he was an opponent of the existing order. He led an opposition against the pagan oligarchy of Mecca and at a certain point went into exile and formed what in modern language might be called a "government in exile," with which finally he was able to return in triumph to his birthplace and establish the Islamic state in Mecca. ...+
- +
-The Prophet as rebel has provided a sort of paradigm of revolution—opposition and rejection, withdrawal and departure, exile and return. Time and time again movements of opposition in Islamic history tried to repeat this pattern, a few of them successfully.+
-| Bernard Lewis (Islamic Revolution<ref name="autogenerated2"/>)+
-}}+
- +
-[[Daniel Pipes]] describes Islamism as a modern ideology that owes more to European utopian political ideologies and "isms" than to the traditional Islamic religion.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://nationalinterest.org/article/islam-and-islamism-faith-and-ideology-748|title=Islam and Islamism: Faith and Ideology|date=March 1, 2000|journal=The National Interest|issue=Spring 2000|author=[[Daniel Pipes]]|accessdate=March 12, 2014}}</ref>+
- +
-== Influence ==+
- +
-Few observers contest the influence of Islamism in the Muslim world.<ref name=murphy-160/><ref name="cook"/><ref name=murphy-161/> Following the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], political movements based on the [[Liberalism|liberal]] ideology of free expression and democratic rule have led the opposition in other parts of the world such as [[Latin America]], [[Eastern Europe]] and many parts of [[Asia]]; however "the simple fact is that political Islam currently reigns as the most powerful ideological force across the Muslim world today".<ref>Fuller, ''The Future of Political Islam'', (2003), p. 67</ref>+
- +
-Even some of those (such as Olivier Roy) who see Islamism as fraught with contradictions believe "the socioeconomic realities that sustained the Islamist wave are still here and are not going to change: poverty, uprootedness, crises in values and identities, the decay of the educational systems, the North-South opposition, and the problem of immigrant integration into the host societies".<ref>Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'' (1994) p. 27</ref>+
- +
-The strength of Islamism draws from the strength of religiosity in general in the Muslim world. Compared to Western societies, "[w]hat is striking about the Islamic world is that ... it seems to have been the least penetrated by [[irreligion]]".<ref name="cook"/>+
- +
-Where other peoples may look to the physical or social sciences for answers in areas which their ancestors regarded as best left to scripture, in the Muslim world, religion has become more encompassing, not less, as "in the last few decades, it has been the fundamentalists who have increasingly represented the cutting edge" of Muslim culture.<ref name="cook">Cook, Michael, ''The Koran: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, (2000)</ref>+
- +
-In Egypt and the rest of the Muslim world "the word secular, a label proudly worn 30 years ago, is shunned" and "used to besmirch" political foes.<ref name=murphy-161>Murphy, Caryle, ''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience,'' Scribner, (c2002), p.161</ref>+
-The small secular opposition parties "cannot compare" with Islamists in terms of "doggedness, courage," "risk-taking" or "organizational skills".<ref name=murphy-160>Murphy, Caryle, ''Passion for Islam'', (c2002), p.160</ref>+
- +
-<blockquote>In the Middle East and Pakistan, religious discourse dominates societies, the airwaves, and thinking about the world. Radical mosques have proliferated throughout Egypt. Book stores are dominated by works with religious themes ... The demand for sharia, the belief that their governments are unfaithful to Islam and that Islam is the answer to all problems, and the certainty that the West has declared war on Islam; these are the themes that dominate public discussion. Islamists may not control parliaments or government palaces, but they have occupied the popular imagination.<ref>''The Age of Sacred Terror'' by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, Random House, 2002, p.172-3</ref></blockquote>+
- +
-Moderate strains of Islamism have been described as "competing in the democratic public square in places like Turkey, Tunisia, Malaysia and Indonesia.<ref>Farr, Thomas F. "Islam's Way to Freedom", ''First Things'', November 2008, p. 24–28 (p.26)</ref> In [[Morocco]], the Islamist [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)|Justice and Development Party]] (PJD) supported [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|King Muhammad VI]]'s "Mudawana", a "startlingly progressive family law" which grants women the right to a divorce, raises the minimum age for marriage to 18, and, in the event of separation, stipulates equal distribution of property.<ref name="qantara">[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html The Islamism Debate: God's Counterculture] Sonja Zekri, ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'' / Qantara.de 2008 Translated from the German by Phyllis Anderson</ref>+
- +
-Even before the Arab Spring, Islamists in Egypt and other Muslim countries had been described as "extremely influential. ... They determine how one dresses, what one eats. In these areas, they are incredibly successful. ... Even if the Islamists never come to power, they have transformed their countries."<ref name="qantara" /> [[Islamic democracy|Democratic]], peaceful and political Islamists are now dominating the spectrum of Islamist ideology as well as the political system of the [[Muslim world]].+
- +
-== Sources of strength ==+
- +
-Amongst the various reasons for the global strength of Islamism are:+
- +
-===Western alienation===+
-{{further|Islam and modernity}}+
-[[File:"Freedom go to hell".jpg|thumb|An Islamist protestor in London protesting over anti-Muslim cartoons, 6 February 2006]]+
-Muslim alienation from [[Western world|Western]] ways, including its political ways.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2500?_hi=19&_pos=1 |title=From the article on westernization in Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref>+
- +
-* The memory in Muslim societies of the many centuries of "cultural and institutional success" of Islamic civilization that have created an "intense resistance to an alternative 'civilizational order'", such as Western civilization,<ref>Fuller, E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', (2003), p.15</ref>+
- +
-:<blockquote>Outside Islamdom, [[Christian]] [[missionary|missionaries]] from [[Europe]] usually succeeded in making converts. Whether for spiritual reasons or for material ones, substantial numbers of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]], [[African]]s, [[Hindu]]s, [[Buddhist]]s, and [[Confucian]]s accepted the [[Gospel]]s. But Muslims did not."<ref>Pipes, Daniel, ''In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power,'' Basic Books, (1983), p.173</ref></blockquote>+
- +
-* The proximity of the core of the Muslim world to Europe and Christendom where it first conquered and then was conquered. [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] in the seventh century, the [[Crusades]] which began in the eleventh century, then for centuries the [[Ottoman Empire]], were all fields of war between Europe and Islam.<ref>''Islam and the Myth of Confrontation'', Fred Halliday; (2003) p.108</ref>+
- +
-:The Islamic world was aware of European fear and hatred:+
- +
-:<blockquote>For almost a thousand years, from the first Moorish landing in Spain to the second Turkish siege of Vienna, Europe was under constant threat from Islam. In the early centuries it was a double threat — not only of invasion and conquest, but also of conversion and assimilation. All but the easternmost provinces of the Islamic realm had been taken from Christian rulers, and the vast majority of the first Muslims west of Iran and Arabia were converts from Christianity ... Their loss was sorely felt and it heightened the fear that a similar fate was in store for Europe.<ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''Islam and the West'' Oxford University Press, p.13, (1993)</ref></blockquote>+
- +
-:and also felt its own anger and resentment at the much more recent technological superiority of westerners who,+
- +
-:<blockquote>are the perpetual teachers; we, the perpetual students. Generation after generation, this asymmetry has generated an [[inferiority complex]], forever exacerbated by the fact that their innovations progress at a faster pace than we can absorb them. ... The best tool to reverse the inferiority complex to a [[superiority complex]] ... Islam would give the whole culture a sense of dignity.<ref>Hassan Hanafi, Islamist philosophy professor at Cairo University quoted in ''Passion for Islam'' by Caryle Murphy, p.172</ref></blockquote>+
- +
-:For Islamists, the primary threat of the West is cultural rather than political or economic. Cultural dependency robs one of faith and identity and thus destroys Islam and the Islamic community (''[[ummah]]'') far more effectively than political rule.<ref name="Haddad/Esposito1">Haddad/Esposito pg.xvi</ref>+
- +
-* The end of the [[Cold War]] and Soviet occupation of Afghanistan has eliminated the common atheist [[Communism|Communist]] enemy uniting some religious Muslims and the capitalist west.<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad'', Harvard University Press, (2002), p.218</ref>+
- +
-===Western patronage===+
-During the 1970s and sometimes later, Western and pro-Western governments often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies.<ref name=Berman/> Islamists were considered by Western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous [[leftist]]/[[communist]]/[[nationalist]] insurgents/opposition, which Islamists were correctly seen as opposing. The US spent billions of dollars to aid the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan#Foreign involvement and aid to the mujahideen|mujahideen]] Muslim Afghanistan enemies of the [[Soviet Union]], and non-Afghan [[Afghan Arabs#Attitude to the West|veterans]] of the war returned home with their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact.<ref name=ForeignAffairsNovember2005>{{cite news |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html |title=Blowback Revisited |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |author=[[Peter Bergen]], [[Alec Reynolds]] |date=November–December 2005 |accessdate=2007-11-09}}</ref>+
- +
-Although now a strong opponent of Israel's existence, [[Hamas]] has been called "[[Israel]]'s creation." In the 1970s and 1980s Israel tolerated and supported the group as preferable to the secular and then more powerful [[al-Fatah]] and the [[PLO]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html |title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas |first=Andrew |last=Higgins |date=24 January 2009 |publisher=Online.wsj.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2006/1/26/how_israel_and_the_united_states |title=How Israel and the United States Helped to Bolster Hamas |date= 26 January 2006 |publisher=Democracynow.org}}</ref>+
- +
-Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]]{{spaced ndash}}whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (''[[infitah]]''); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty|making peace with Israel]]{{spaced ndash}}released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His "encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement" was said to have been "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed." <ref>{{cite book |title=Jihad: the trail of political Islam |first=Gilles |last=Kepel |page=83}}</ref><ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Muslim Extremism in Egypt'', chapter 5, "Vanguard of the Umma"</ref> This "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a [[Terrorism in Egypt|formidable insurgency]] was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers "in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity."<ref name=Berman>''Terror and Liberalism'' by Paul Berman, W.W. Norton and Company, 2003, {{p.|101}}.</ref>+
- +
-===Resurgence of Islam===+
-{{further|Islamic revival}}+
-The resurgence of Islamic devotion and the attraction to things Islamic can be traced to several events.+
- +
-* By the end of World War I, most Muslim states were seen to be dominated by the Christian-leaning Western states. It is argued that either the claims of Islam were false and the Christian or post-Christian West had finally come up with another system that was superior, or Islam had failed through not being true to itself. Thus, a redoubling of faith and devotion by Muslims was called for to reverse this tide.<ref>Edward Mortimer in ''Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam'', in Wright, ''Sacred Rage'', Simon & Schuster, (1985), pp.64-66)</ref>+
- +
-* The connection between the lack of an Islamic spirit and the lack of victory was underscored by the disastrous defeat of Arab nationalist-led armies fighting under the slogan "Land, Sea and Air" in the 1967 [[Six Day War]], compared to the (perceived) near-victory of the [[Yom Kippur War]] six years later. In that war the military's slogan was "God is Great".<ref>Wright, ''Sacred Rage'', p.64-6</ref>+
- +
-* Along with the Yom Kippur War came the [[1973 oil crisis|Arab oil embargo]] where the (Muslim) Persian Gulf oil-producing states' dramatic decision to cut back on production and quadruple the price of oil, made the terms oil, Arabs and Islam synonymous – with power – in the world, and especially in the Muslim world's public imagination.<ref>Wright, ''Sacred Rage'', p.66 from Pipes, Daniel, ''In the Path of God,'' Basic Books, (1983), (p.285)</ref> Many Muslims believe as Saudi Prince Saud al Faisal did that the hundreds of billions of dollars in wealth obtained from the Persian Gulf's huge oil deposits were nothing less than a gift from God to the Islamic faithful.<ref>from interview by Robin Wright of UK Foreign Secretary (at the time) Lord Carrington in November 1981, ''Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam'' by Robin Wright, Simon & Schuster, (1985), p.67</ref>+
- +
-* As the [[Islamic revival]] gained momentum, governments such as Egypt's, which had previously repressed (and was still continuing to repress) Islamists, joined the bandwagon. They banned alcohol and flooded the airwaves with religious programming,<ref>Murphy, ''Passion for Islam'', (2002), p.36</ref> giving the movement even more exposure.+
- +
-A tenet of the Quran is that Islam will deliver victory and success. For example 23:1: "Successful indeed are the believers";<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/023.qmt.html|title=Al-Mumenoon (The Believers)|publisher=Usc.edu|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}{{Dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref> Sura 9:14 "Fight them and God will punish them at your hands ... God will make you victorious over them";<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/009.qmt.html|title=Al-Tawba (Repentance, Dispensation)|publisher=Usc.edu|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}{{Dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref> 22:40: "God will certainly aid those who aid His (cause): for verily God is Full of Strength, Exalted in Might."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/022.qmt.html|title=Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage)|publisher=Usc.edu|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}{{Dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref><ref>An example of Islamic belief in victory is: "If you understand the true character of a Muslim, you will be convinced that he cannot live in humiliation, abasement or subjugation. He is bound to prevail and no power on earth can overwhelm him." (''Towards Understanding Islam'' by Abul A'la Mawdudi, p.26)</ref><ref>'Islam is a martial civilization. If you succeed, that means God is on your side.' from: Lippman, Thomas W., ''Understanding Islam'', New American Library, (1982), p.50</ref>+
- +
-===Saudi Arabian funding===+
-{{see also|Saudi Arabia and terrorism}}+
-Starting in the mid-1970s the Islamic resurgence was funded by an abundance of money from Saudi Arabian oil exports.<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam'', Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, (2002), pp.69-75</ref> The tens of billions of dollars in "[[petro-Islam]]" largesse obtained from the recently heightened price of oil funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire faith."<ref>Dawood al-Shirian, 'What Is Saudi Arabia Going to Do?' ''Al-Hayat'', May 19, 2003</ref>+
- +
-Throughout the Muslim world, religious institutions for people both young and old, from children's [[madrasah|maddrassas]] to high-level scholarships received Saudi funding,<ref>Abou al Fadl, Khaled, ''The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists'', HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, pp.48-64</ref>+
-"books, scholarships, fellowships, and mosques" (for example, "more than 1500 [[mosque]]s were built and paid for with money obtained from public Saudi funds over the last 50 years"),<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam'', Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, (2002), p.72</ref> along with training in the Kingdom for the preachers and teachers who went on to teach and work at these universities, schools, mosques, etc.<ref>Nasr, Vali, ''The Shia Revival'', Norton, (2006), p.155</ref>+
- +
-The funding was also used to reward journalists and academics who followed the Saudis' strict interpretation of Islam; and satellite campuses were built around Egypt for [[Al Azhar]], the world's oldest and most influential Islamic university.<ref>Murphy, Caryle, ''Passion for Islam'', (2002) p.32</ref>+
- +
-The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was the strict, conservative Saudi-based [[Wahhabism]] or [[Salafism]]. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way," but "hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake," that [[democracy]] "is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century," that [[Shia]] and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were [[Apostasy in Islam|infidels]], etc.<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/saudi-publications-hate-ideology-invade-american-mosques Saudi Publications on Hate Ideology] January 2006</ref> While this effort has by no means converted all, or even most Muslims to the Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations, and has set the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the "gold standard" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25472708_ITM|title=An interview with Minister Mentor of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew|publisher=Accessmylibrary.com|date=2004-09-24|accessdate=2012-04-21}}{{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref>+
- +
-====Grand Mosque seizure====+
-{{further|Grand Mosque seizure}}+
-The strength of the Islamist movement was manifest in an event which might have seemed sure to turn Muslim public opinion against [[fundamentalism]], but did just the opposite. In 1979 the [[Masjid al-Haram|Grand Mosque]] in [[Mecca]] [[Saudi Arabia]] was seized by an armed fundamentalist group and held for over a week. Scores were killed, including many pilgrim bystanders<ref>Wright, ''Sacred Rage'', (2001), p.148</ref> in a gross violation of one of the most holy sites in Islam (and one where arms and violence are strictly forbidden).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourdialogue.com/m22.htm|title=Masjid-ul-Haram: Sacred and forbidden|publisher=Ourdialogue.com|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref><ref>Wright, Lawrence, ''The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11''. New York: Knopf, (2006), pp. 103-104</ref>+
- +
-Instead of prompting a backlash against the movement from which the attackers originated, however, Saudi Arabia, already very conservative, responded by shoring up its fundamentalist credentials with even more Islamic restrictions. Crackdowns followed on everything from shopkeepers who did not close for [[salat]] and newspapers that published pictures of women, to the selling of dolls, teddy bears (images of animate objects are considered [[haraam]]), and dog food (dogs are considered unclean).<ref>Wright, Robin, ''Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam,'' p.155</ref>+
- +
-In other Muslim countries, blame for and wrath against the seizure was directed not against fundamentalists, but against Islamic fundamentalism's foremost geopolitical enemy – the United States. Ayatollah [[Khomeini]] sparked attacks on American embassies when he announced:+
-<blockquote>It is not beyond guessing that this is the work of criminal American imperialism and international Zionism</blockquote> despite the fact that the object of the fundamentalists' revolt was the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, America's major ally in the region. Anti-American demonstrations followed in the [[Philippines]], [[Turkey]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], the [[UAE]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Kuwait]]. The US Embassy in [[Libya]] was burned by protesters chanting pro-Khomeini slogans and the embassy in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan was burned to the ground.<ref>Wright, Robin, ''Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam,'' p.149</ref>+
- +
-===Dissatisfaction with the status quo===+
-* The [[Arab world]]&nbsp;– the original heart of the Muslim world&nbsp;– has been afflicted with [[economic stagnation]]. For example, it has been estimated that in the mid 1990s the exports of [[Finland]], a European country of five million, exceeded those of the entire Arab world of 260 million, excluding oil revenue.<ref>''Commentary,'' "Defeating the Oil Weapon," September 2002</ref> This economic stagnation is argued to have commenced with the demise of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, with trade networks being disrupted and societies torn apart with the creation of new nation states; prior to this, the Middle East had a diverse and growing economy and more general prosperity.<ref name="autogenerated8">{{cite web |last=Thought |first=Enlightened |url=http://www.muslimdecline.blogspot.com/ |title=What went wrong in the Muslim World? |publisher=Muslimdecline.blogspot.com |date=2008-04-23 |accessdate=2012-04-21}}{{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref>+
- +
-* Strong population growth combined with economic stagnation has created urban conglomerations in [[Cairo]], [[Istanbul]], [[Tehran]], [[Karachi]], [[Dhaka]], and [[Jakarta]] each with well over 12 million citizens, millions of them young and unemployed or underemployed.<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p.68</ref> Such a demographic, alienated from the [[Westernization|westernized]] ways of the urban elite, but uprooted from the comforts and more passive traditions of the villages they came from, is understandably favourably disposed to an Islamic system promising a better world<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Muslim extremism in Egypt: the prophet and Pharaoh'', Berkeley: University of California Press, (c2003), p.218</ref> – an ideology providing an "emotionally familiar basis for group identity, solidarity, and exclusion; an acceptable basis for legitimacy and authority; an immediately intelligible formulation of principles for both a critique of the present and a program for the future."<ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror'', (2003), p.22</ref>+
- +
-===Shelter of the mosque===+
-While dictatorial regimes can preempt opposition [[nationalist]] or [[socialist]] campaigns by closing down their networks and headquarters, the centre for Islamist political organizing is the [[mosque]]. It is illegal for the government to shut down or take over mosques in the Muslim world (and often in secular states where the government pursues a policy of [[separation of church and state|separation of religion and state]] and thus does not interfere with [[organised religion]]) by virtue of its religious significance. "It is in the mosque where [Islamists] canvas neighbourhoods in the course of providing social services, spread their political messages and campaign for votes where permitted to participate."<ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror'', (2003), p.23</ref><ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), pp.33-4</ref>+
- +
-===Charitable work===+
-Islamist movements such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], "are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups, facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups." All this compares very favourably against incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric.<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p.28</ref>+
- +
-===Power of identity politics===+
-Islamism can also be described as part of [[identity politics]], specifically the religiously-oriented nationalism that emerged in the Third World in the 1970s: "[[Hindu nationalism|resurgent Hinduism]] in [[India]], [[Religious Zionism]] in [[Israel]], [[Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war|militant Buddhism in Sri Lanka]], resurgent [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Sikh nationalism]] in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], '[[Liberation Theology]]' of [[Catholicism]] in [[Latin America]], and of course, Islamism in the Muslim world."<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), pp.70-71</ref> (This is distinguished from ethnic or linguistic-based nationalism which Islamism opposes.) These all challenged Westernized ruling elites on behalf of 'authenticity' and tradition.+
- +
-== Criticism ==+
-{{main|Criticism of Islamism}}+
- +
-Islamism, or elements of Islamism, have been criticised for: repression of free expression and individual rights, rigidity, hypocrisy, lack of true understanding of Islam, misinterpreting the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]], and for innovations to Islam ([[bid‘ah]]), notwithstanding Islamists' proclaimed opposition to any such innovation.+
- +
-== History ==+
- +
-===Predecessor movements===+
-Some Islamic revivalist movements and leaders pre-dating Islamism include:+
- +
-* Shaikh [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] (~1564–1624) was part of "a reassertion of orthodoxy within [[Sufism]]" and was known to his followers as the 'renovator of the second millennium'. It has been said of Sirhindi that he 'gave to Indian Islam the rigid and conservative stamp it bears today.'<ref>Mortimer, ''Faith and Power'', (1982) p.58. Quoting Aziz Ahmad, ''Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment'', Oxford University Press, (1964), p.189</ref>+
- +
-* [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], a Syrian Islamic jurist during the 13th and 14th centuries who is often quoted by contemporary Islamists. Ibn Taymiyya argued against the shirking of [[Sharia]] law, and against practices such as the celebration of Muhammad's birthday or the construction of mosques around the tombs of Sufi sheikhs, believing that these were unacceptable borrowings from Christianity.'<ref>''A Fury For God: the Islamist Attack on America'' by Malise Ruthven, 2002, p.135. source: Muhammad 'Umar Memon, ''Ibn Taymiyya's Struggle against Popular Religion, with an annotated translation of Kitab Iqitada'' ... (the Hague, 1976), pp.78, 210</ref>+
- +
-* [[Shah Waliullah]] of India and [[Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab]] of Arabia were contemporaries who met each other while studying in [[Mecca]]. [[Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab]] advocated doing away with the later accretions like grave worship and getting back to the letter and the spirit of Islam as preached and practiced by [[Muhammad]]. He went on to found [[Wahhabism]]. Shah Waliullah was a forerunner of reformist Islamists like [[Muhammad Abduh]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]] and [[Muhammad Asad]] in his belief that there was "a constant need for new [[ijtihad]] as the Muslim community progressed and expanded and new generations had to cope with new problems" and in his interest in the social and economic problems of the poor.<ref>Mortimer, ''Faith and Power'', (1982) pp.67-68.</ref>+
- +
-* [[Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi]] was a disciple and successor of Shah Waliullah's son and emphasized the 'purification' of Islam from un-Islamic beliefs and practices. He anticipated modern militant Islamists by leading an [[Islamic extremism|extremist]], [[jihadist]] movement and attempted to create an Islamic state with enforcement of Islamic law. While he battled [[Sikh Empire|Sikh fundamentalist rule]] in Muslim-majority North-Western India, his followers fought against [[British Raj|British colonialism]] after his death and allied themselves with the [[Indian Mutiny]].<ref>Mortimer, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), p.69</ref>+
- +
-* After the failure of the Indian Mutiny some of Shah Waliullah's followers turned to more peaceful methods of preserving the Islamic heritage and founded the [[Dar al-Ulum]] seminary in 1867 in the town of [[Deoband]]. From the school developed the [[Deobandi|Deobandi movement]] which became the largest [[philosophical movement]] of traditional Islamic thought in the subcontinent and led to the establishment of thousands of [[madrasah]]s throughout modern-day [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>''Islam and the Muslim World'', (2004) p.374</ref>+
- +
-===Early history===+
-[[File:HypnoDude.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani]]]]+
- +
-The end of the 19th century saw the dismemberment of most of the Muslim [[Ottoman Empire]] by non-Muslim European colonial powers.<ref>Mortimer, Edward, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), p.85</ref> The empire spent massive sums on Western civilian and military technology to try to modernize and compete with the encroaching European powers, and in the process went deep into debt to these powers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ottoman-empire-debt|title=ottoman empire: debt|publisher=Answers.com|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref>+
- +
-In this context, the publications of Jamal ad-din [[al-Afghani]] (1837–97), [[Muhammad Abduh]] (1849–1905) and [[Rashid Rida]] (1865–1935) preached Islamic alternatives to the political, economic, and cultural decline of the empire.<ref>Mortimer, Edward, ''Faith and Power'', (1982), p.93, 237-240, 249</ref> Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida formed the beginning of the [[Salafism|Salafist]] movement,<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'', Macmillan Reference, 2004, v.2, p.609</ref><ref>''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'' by Cyril Glasse, Rowman and Littlefield, 2001, p.19</ref><ref>''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' by John L. Esposito, OUP, 2003, p.275+
-</ref><ref>''Historical Dictionary of Islam'' by Ludwig W. Wadamed, Scarecrow Press, 2001, p.233</ref><ref>[[Talk:Salafism#Were Muhammad Abduh, et.al., Salafi or not?|see discussion section]]</ref> as well as the reformist Islamist movement.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{cite web|author=Posted by Reader |url=http://www.islamic-considerations.blogspot.com |title=Considerations on Islamic Resurgence |publisher=Islamic-considerations.blogspot.com |date=2008-06-20 |accessdate=2014-08-18}}</ref>+
- +
-Their ideas included the creation of a truly Islamic society under sharia law, and the rejection of [[taqlid]], the blind imitation of earlier authorities, which they believed deviated from the true messages of Islam.<ref>''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'' by Caryle Murphy, p.46</ref> Unlike some later Islamists, [[Salafism|Salafists]] strongly emphasized the restoration of the [[Caliphate]].<ref>Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'' (1994), p.33</ref>+
- +
-===Muhammad Iqbal===+
-{{see also|Two-Nation Theory}}+
-[[Muhammad Iqbal]] was a [[philosopher]], [[poet]] and [[politician]]<ref name="aml.org.pk"/> in [[British Raj|British India]] who is widely regarded as having inspired the [[Two-Nation Theory|Islamic Nationalism]] and [[Pakistan Movement]] in [[British India]].<ref name="aml.org.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.aml.org.pk/AllamaIqbal.html|title=Allama Muhammad Iqbal Philosopher, Poet, and Political leader|publisher=Aml.Org.pk|accessdate=2012-03-02}}</ref><ref name="goethezeitportal">{{cite web| author=Anil Bhatti| work=Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India|url=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20081030083304/http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/goethe/bhatti_iqbal.pdf |title=Iqbal and Goethe |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-01-07}}</ref><ref name="rahnemaa01">{{cite journal |last=Rahnemaa |first=Saeed |date= |title=Radical Islamism and Failed Developmentalism |journal=Third World Quarterly |publisher=Routledge |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=483–496 |doi=10.1080/01436590801931462 |accessdate=28 December 2013}}</ref> Iqbal is admired as a prominent classical poet by [[Pakistani]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], [[India]]n and other international scholars of literature.<ref name="dailytimes.co.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-5-2003_pg3_6 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |newspaper=Daily Times |date=28 May 2003 |accessdate=2011-01-07}}</ref><ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com|title=Iqbal Academy Pakistan|publisher=|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref> Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly acclaimed "Islamic philosophical thinker of modern times".<ref name="aml.org.pk"/><ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan"/>+
- +
-While studying law and philosophy in [[England]] and [[Germany]], Iqbal became a member of the [[London]] branch of the [[All India Muslim League]].<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan"/> He came back to [[Lahore]] in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in [[World War I]] and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as [[Maulana Mohammad Ali|Muhammad Ali Johar]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. He was a critic of the mainstream [[Indian Nationalism|Indian nationalist]] and [[Secularism|secularist]] [[Indian National Congress]]. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by [[Oxford University press]] in 1934 in a book titled [[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]].<ref name="bio-iqbalsworks">{{cite web|title=Allama Iqbal – biography – Iqbal's works|url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html|publisher=Iqbal Academy|date=26 May 2006|format=PHP|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.<ref name="bio-iqbalsworks"/>+
- +
-Iqbal expressed fears that not only would [[secularism]] and secular [[nationalism]] weaken the spiritual foundations of [[Islam]] and [[Muslim]] society, but that India's [[Hindu]]-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, [[culture]] and political influence. In his travels to [[Egypt]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Palestine]] and [[Syria]], he promoted ideas of [[Pan-Islamism|greater Islamic political co-operation and unity]], calling for the shedding of nationalist differences. Sir Muhammad Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in [[Allahabad]] as well as for the session in [[Lahore]] in 1932. In his [[Allahabad Address]] on 29 December 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India. This address later inspired the [[Pakistan movement]].+
- +
-The thoughts and vision of Iqbal later influenced many [[Reformism|reformist]] Islamists, e.g. [[Muhammad Asad]], [[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]] and [[Ali Shariati]].+
- +
-===Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi===+
-{{main|Abul Ala Maududi}}+
-[[File:Abul ala maududi.jpg|thumb|150px|Painting of [[Abul Ala Maududi]]]]+
-[[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]]<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/politics/mawdudi2.html|title=Maulana Maududi's Two-Nation Theory|publisher=Witness-pioneer.org|date=2012-01-27|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref><ref name="bonney1">{{cite book | quote=Mawdudi trained with two Deobandi ulama at the Fatihpuri mosque's seminary in Delhi and received his certificates to teach religious sciences (ijazahs) in 1926. |last=Bonney | first=R |title=Jihad: From Qur'an to Bin Laden | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | location=Hampshire |year=2004 | page=201}}</ref> was an important early twentieth-century figure in the Islamic revival in [[India]], and then after independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]], in [[Pakistan]]. Trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism, and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about Islam and Islamic law. Maududi founded the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972. However, Maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising. His extremely influential books (translated into many languages) placed Islam in a modern context, and influenced not only conservative [[ulema]] but liberal modernizer Islamists such as [[al-Faruqi]], whose "[[Islamization of Knowledge]]" carried forward some of Maududi's key principles.+
- +
-Maududi believed that Islam was all-encompassing: "Everything in the universe is 'Muslim' for it obeys God by submission to His laws... The man who denies God is called [[Kafir]] (concealer) because he conceals by his disbelief what is inherent in his nature and embalmed in his own soul."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/alummah2000/MeaningOfIslam.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026215131/http://geocities.com/alummah2000/MeaningOfIslam.html|archivedate=2009-10-26|title=A. Maududi's 'Towards Understanding Islam'|publisher=Web.archive.org|date=2009-10-26|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref> +
- +
-Maududi also believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state. This state should be a "theo-democracy,"<ref>Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, "Political Theory of Islam," in Khurshid Ahmad, ed., ''Islam: Its Meaning and Message'' (London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1976), pp.159-161.</ref> based on the principles of: ''[[tawhid]]'' (unity of God), ''[[risala]]'' (prophethood) and ''[[khilafa]]'' (caliphate).<ref>Abu al-A'la al-Mawdudi, ''Islamic Way of Life'' (Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami, 1967), p.40</ref><ref>Esposito and Piscatori, "Democratization and Islam," pp.436-437, 440</ref><ref>Esposito, ''The Islamic Threat'', pp.125-126; Voll and Esposito, ''Islam and Democracy'', pp.23-26.</ref> Although Maududi talked about Islamic revolution,<ref>He was the author of the book S. Abul A'la Maududi, ''[http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/M_PIR/Default.htm The Process of Islamic Revolution]'' (Lahore, 1980).</ref> he was both less revolutionary and less politically/economically populist than later Islamists like Qutb.<ref>Maududi on social justice: "a man who owns a car can drive it; and those who do not own one should walk; and those who are crippled cannot walk but can hop along" (''Nizam al-Hayat fi al-Islam,'' 1st ed., n.d. (Bayrut: Musassast al-Risalah, 1983), p.54) See also ''Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb'' by Ahmad S. Moussalli American University of Beirut, (1992)</ref>+
- +
-===Muslim Brotherhood===+
-{{main|Muslim Brotherhood}}+
-Roughly contemporaneous with Maududi was the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in Ismailiyah, Egypt in 1928 by [[Hassan al Banna]]. His was arguably the first, largest and most influential modern Islamic political/religious organization. Under the motto "the Qur'an is our constitution,"<ref>[http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/tmott/ The Message of the Teachings – Hasan al-Banna]{{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref>+
-it sought Islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools, mosques, and workshops. Like Maududi, Al Banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on [[Shariah]] law implemented gradually and by persuasion, and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the Muslim world.<ref>*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2012 |title=A genealogical inquiry into early Islamism: the discourse of Hasan al-Banna |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=61–85 |doi= 10.1080/13569317.2012.644986|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13569317.2012.644986}}</ref>+
- +
-Some elements of the Brotherhood, though perhaps against orders, did engage in violence against the government, and its founder [[Hassan al Banna|Al-Banna]] was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi three months earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/timeline_egypt.html|title=Egypt, A Timeline of Recent Events|publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref> The Brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in Egypt and has been banned several times, in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with Egyptian president [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]], who jailed thousands of members for several years.+
- +
-Despite periodic repression, the Brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the [[Islamic world]],<ref>[http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Home.asp?zPage=Systems&System=PressR&Press=Show&Lang=E&ID=6674 "The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood,"]{{Dead link|date=June 2012}} Robert S. Leiken & Steven Brooke, ''Foreign Affairs Magazine''</ref> particularly in the [[Arab world]]. For many years it was +
-described as "semi-legal"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193396891&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|title=Free Republic. The day before, and after – It's been 25 years since the Islamist genie first went on the rampage|publisher=Fr.jpost.com|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref> and was the only opposition group in Egypt able to field candidates during elections.<ref name="multiref1">[http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-476/_nr-924/i.html The Islamism Debate: God's Counterculture] Sonja Zekri, © ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'' / Qantara.de 2008. Translated from the German by Phyllis Anderson.</ref> In the [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–2012]], the political parties identified as "Islamist" (the Brotherhood's [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]], Salafi [[Al-Nour Party]] and liberal Islamist [[Al-Wasat Party]]) won 75% of the total seats.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html Islamists Win 70% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament] ''The New York Times''.</ref> [[Mohamed Morsi]], an Islamist democrat of [[Muslim Brotherhood]], was the first democratically elected president of [[Egypt]]. He was deposed during the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]].+
- +
-===Sayyid Qutb===+
-[[File:Qutb.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Sayyid Qutb]]]]+
-{{main|Sayyid Qutb}}+
-{{see also|Qutbism|Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq}}+
-Maududi's political ideas influenced [[Sayyid Qutb]], a leading member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement, and one of the key philosophers of Islamism and highly influential thinkers of Islamic universalism.<ref>*{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2014 |title=[https://www.academia.edu/5611020/The_Inclusive_Dynamics_of_Islamic_Universalism_From_the_Vantage_Point_of_Sayyid_Qutbs_Critical_Philosophy The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb’s Critical Philosophy] |journal=Comparative Philosophy |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 |doi= }}</ref> Qutb believed things had reached such a state that the Muslim community had literally ceased to exist. It "has been extinct for a few centuries,"<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Milestones,'' The Mother Mosque Foundation, (1981), p.9</ref> having reverted to Godless ignorance ([[Jahiliyya]]).+
- +
-To eliminate jahiliyya, Qutb argued [[Sharia]], or Islamic law, must be established. Sharia law was not only accessible to humans and essential to the existence of [[Islam]], but also all-encompassing, precluding "evil and corrupt" non-Islamic ideologies like communism, nationalism, or secular democracy.+
- +
-Qutb preached that Muslims must engage in a two-pronged attack of converting individuals through [[Dawah|preaching Islam]] peacefully and also waging what he called militant [[jihad]] so as to forcibly eliminate the "power structures" of Jahiliyya – not only from the Islamic homeland but from the face of the earth.+
- +
-Qutb was both a member of the brotherhood and enormously influential in the Muslim world at large. Qutb is considered by some (Fawaz A. Gerges) to be "the founding father and leading theoretician" of modern jihadists, such as [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>Fawaz A. Gerges, ''The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global'' (Bronxville, N.Y.: Sarah Lawrence College) ISBN 978-0-521-79140-3 prologue</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|title=How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?|publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com|date=|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref> However, the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and in Europe has not embraced his vision of undemocratic [[Islamic state]] and armed jihad, something for which they have been denounced by radical Islamists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070301faessay86208/robert-s-leiken-steven-brooke/the-moderate-muslim-brotherhood.html|title=The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood|archiveurl=http://archive.is/JdIX|archivedate=2012-05-25}} Robert S. Leiken and Steven Brooke in ''Foreign Affairs'', March/April 2007</ref>+
- +
-===Six-Day War (1967)===+
-{{main|Six-Day War}}+
-The quick and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries, was blamed on the secular [[Arab nationalism]] of the ruling regimes. A steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular, socialist and nationalist politics ensued. [[Ba'athism]], [[Arab socialism]], and [[Arab nationalism]] suffered, and different democratic and anti-democratic Islamist movements inspired by [[Maududi]] and [[Sayyid Qutb]] gained ground.<ref name="Mayer1">Mayer, p.110</ref>+
- +
-===Islamic Republic in Iran===+
-[[File:Khomeini portrait.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]]]] +
-{{main|History of fundamentalist Islam in Iran}}+
-{{see also|Iranian Revolution|Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists}}+
-The first modern "Islamist state" (with the possible exception of Zia's [[Pakistan]]<ref>"The Islamic Resurgence: Prospects and Implications" by Kemal A. Faruki, from ''Voices of Resurgent Islam'', ed. by John L. Esposito, OUP, (1983), p.283</ref>) was established among the [[Shia]] of [[Iran]]. In a major shock to the rest of the world, [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] led the Iranian Revolution of 1979 to overthrow the oil-rich, well-armed, Westernized and pro-American secular monarchy ruled by Shah [[Muhammad Reza Pahlavi]].+
- +
-The views of [[Ali Shariati]], ideologue of the [[Iranian Revolution]], had resemblance with [[Mohammad Iqbal]], ideological father of the [[State of Pakistan]], but Khomeini's beliefs were placed somewhere between beliefs of Sunni Islamic thinkers like Mawdudi and Qutb:+
-He believed that complete imitation of the early Muslims for restoration of [[Sharia]] law was essential to Islam, that secular, Westernizing Muslims were actually agents of the West serving Western interests, and that the "plundering" of Muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against Islam by the Christian West.<ref name="autogenerated6">Khomeini (1981), p.54</ref>+
- +
-But they also differed:+
- +
-* As a [[Shia]], Khomeini looked to [[Ali]] ibn Abī Tālib and [[Husayn ibn Ali]] Imam, but not Caliphs [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar|Omar]] or [[Uthman]].+
-* Khomeini talked not about restoring the [[Caliphate]] or [[Sunni]] [[Islamic democracy]], but about establishing a state where the role of guardianship of democratic or dictatorial political system was taken by Shia jurists (''[[ulama]]'') as the successors of [[Imamah (Shi'a twelver doctrine)|Shia Imams]] until the [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Mahdi]] returned from occultation. His concept of ''[[velayat-e-faqih]]'' ("guardianship of the [Islamic] jurist"), held that the leading Shia Muslim cleric in society – which Khomeini and his followers believed to be himself – should serve as supervisor of state in order to protect or "guard" Islam and ''Sharia'' law from "innovation" and "anti-Islamic laws" passed by dictators or democratic parliaments.<ref name="autogenerated6" />+
-* The revolution was influenced by [[Marxism]] through Islamist thought and also by writings that sought either to counter Marxism ([[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]]'s work) or to integrate socialism and Islamism ([[Ali Shariati]]'s work). A strong wing of the revolutionary leadership was made up of leftists or "radical populists", such as [[Ali Akbar Mohtashami-Pur]].<ref>Ranstorp, ''Hizb'allah in Lebanon'', (1997) pp.103, 126</ref>+
- +
-While initial enthusiasm for the Iranian revolution in the Muslim world was intense, it has waned as "purges, executions, and atrocities tarnished its image".<ref>Kepel, Gilles, ''Jihad,'' Harvard University Press, (2002), p.118</ref>+
- +
-The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of [[United States-Iran relations|US economic sanctions]], and has created or assisted like-minded Shia terrorist groups in Iraq, Egypt, [[al-Sham]], Jordan ([[SCIRI]])<ref>[[Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq#History]]</ref><ref>Bakhash, Shaul, ''The Reign of the Ayatollahs'', Basic Books, (c1984), p.233</ref> and Lebanon ([[Hezbollah]])<ref>"Hezbollah Terrorist Shia group is coy about revealing the sums it has received from Iran. ... Reports have spoken of figures ranging from 10 to 15 million dollars per month, but it is possible that Hezbollah has received larger sums. It is only in recent years (after 1989) that Iran has decreased its aid." from: Jaber, Hala, ''Hezbollah: Born with a vengeance,'' New York: Columbia University Press, (c1997), p.150</ref> (two Muslim countries that also have large Shiite populations).+
-During the [[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict]], the Iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly Sunni "[[Arab street]],"<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=35720 'Removing Saddam strengthened Iran'] Quote: "They went directly for the kind of things that make them very unpopular in the West and very popular on the Arab streets. So Iranian President [Mahmoud] Ahmadinejad started to attack Israel and question the Holocaust."</ref> due to its support for [[Hezbollah]] and to President [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]'s vehement opposition to the United States and his call that [[Israel]] shall vanish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=15816|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312103145/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=15816|archivedate=2007-03-12|title=Ahmadinejad: Wipe Israel off map OCTOBER 28, 2005|publisher=Web.archive.org|date=2007-03-12|accessdate=2012-04-21}}</ref> However, [[Ahmadinejad]] lost this popularity during [[Arab Spring]] due to his support for [[Bashar al-Assad]] and his [[Ba'athism|Syrian Baathist regime]].+
- +
-===Pakistan===+
-{{see also|Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|Objectives Resolution}}+
-[[File:Zia-ul-haq (trimmed).PNG|thumb|General [[Zia-ul-Haq]]]]+
-Early in the history of the state of Pakistan (12 March 1949), a parliamentary resolution (the [[Objectives Resolution]]) was adopted in accordance with the [[Two nation theory|vision]] of founding fathers of [[Pakistan Movement|Pakistan]] ([[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]).<ref>"[http://therepublicofrumi.com/archives/liaquat19490309.html]"Objectives Resolution, Republic of Rumi</ref> proclaiming:+
- +
-{{quote |[[Sovereignty]] belongs to [[Allah]] alone but He has delegated it to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him as a sacred trust.+
-*The State shall exercise its powers and authority through the elected representatives of the people.+
-*The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed.+
-*Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings of Islam as set out in the Quran and Sunnah.+
-*Provision shall be made for the religious minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures.}}+
- +
-This resolution later became a key source of inspiration for writers of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], and is included in the constitution as preamble.+
- +
-In July 1977, General [[Zia-ul-Haq]] overthrew Prime Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]'s regime in Pakistan. Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months, shortly before he was overthrown.<ref>''Asian Survey'', 6, n.29, William L. Richter, "The Political Dynamics of Islamic Resurgence in Pakistan."</ref> Zia-ul-Haq was much more committed to Islamism, and "[[Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|Islamization]]" or implementation of Islamic law, became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and Islamism became his "official state ideology". Zia ul Haq was an admirer of [[Mawdudi]] and Mawdudi's party [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] became the "regime's ideological and political arm".<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), pp.98, 100, 101</ref> In Pakistan this Islamization from above was "probably" more complete "than under any other regime except those in Iran and Sudan," but Zia-ul-Haq was also criticized by many Islamists for imposing "symbols" rather than substance, and using Islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power.<ref>Fuller, ''Future of Political Islam'', (2003), p.131</ref> Unlike neighboring Iran, Zia-ul-Haq's policies were intended to "avoid revolutionary excess", and not to strain relations with his American and Persian Gulf state allies.<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), p.98</ref> Zia-ul-Haq was killed in 1988 but Islamization remains an important element in Pakistani society.+
- +
-===Afghanistan===+
-In 1979, the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan]], attempting to suppress an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan Civil War]]. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims ([[mujahideen]]) against an anti-religious superpower, galvanized thousands of Muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith. Leading this pan-Islamic effort was Palestinian sheikh [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam#Life in Pakistan and Afghanistan|Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]]. While the military effectiveness of these "[[Afghan Arabs]]" was marginal, an estimated 16,000<ref name=Atkins>{{cite book|last1=Atkins|first1=Stephen E.|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=35|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&pg=PA35&dq=abdullah+azzam+afghanistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ppMxVPmtN8n_yQTE74KwCg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=abdullah%20azzam%20afghanistan&f=false|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> to 35,000 Muslim volunteers<ref name=Commins-174/> came from around the world came to fight in Afghanistan.<ref name=Commins-174>{{cite book|last1=Commins|first1=David|title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd|location=London|page=174|quote=In all, perhaps 35,000 Muslim fighters went to Afghanistan between 1982 and 1992, while untold thousands more attended frontier schools teeming with former and future fighters.}}</ref><ref name=rashid-129>Rashid, Ahmed, ''Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia'' (New Haven, 2000), p. 129.</ref>+
- +
-When the Soviet Union abandoned the Marxist Najibullah regime and withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 (the regime finally fell in 1992), the victory was seen by many Muslims as the triumph of Islamic faith over superior military power and technology that could be duplicated elsewhere.+
- +
-<blockquote>The jihadists gained legitimacy and prestige from their triumph both within the militant community and among ordinary Muslims, as well as the confidence to carry their jihad to other countries where they believed Muslims required assistance.|<ref name=for-aff-bergen>[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20051101facomment84601/peter-bergen-alec-reynolds/blowback-revisited.html "blowback revisited"] ''Foreign Affairs'' 2005 Peter Bergen</ref></blockquote>+
- +
-The "veterans of the guerrilla campaign" returning home to [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], and other countries "with their experience, ideology, and weapons," were often eager to continue armed jihad.+
- +
-The collapse of the Soviet Union itself, in 1991, was seen by many Islamists, including Bin Laden, as the defeat of a superpower at the hands of Islam. Concerning the $6 billion in aid given by the US and Pakistan's military training and intelligence support to the mujahideen,<ref>{{cite news |title=How the CIA created Osama bin Laden |url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/24198 |date=2001-09-19 |newspaper=[[Green Left Weekly]] |accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref> bin Laden wrote: "[T]he US has no mentionable role" in "the collapse of the Soviet Union&nbsp;... rather the credit goes to God and the mujahidin" of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anusha.com/osamaint.htm |title=bin Laden interview with Peter Arnett, March 1997 |publisher=Anusha.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref>+
- +
-===Persian Gulf War===+
-Another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the Islamist movement was the [[Gulf War]], which brought several hundred thousand US and allied non-Muslim military personnel to Saudi Arabian soil to put an end to [[Saddam Hussein]]'s occupation of Kuwait. Prior to 1990 Saudi Arabia played an important role in restraining the many Islamist groups that received its aid. But when Saddam, secularist and [[Ba'athism|Ba'athist]] dictator of neighboring [[Iraq]], attacked Saudi Arabia (his enemy in the war), western troops came to protect the Saudi monarchy. Traditional Muslim belief holds that non-Muslim troops must not be allowed on the Arabian peninsula (including Saudi Arabia). Islamists accused the Saudi regime of being a puppet of the west.+
- +
-These attacks resonated with conservative Muslims and the problem did not go away with Saddam's defeat either, since American troops remained stationed in the kingdom, and a de facto cooperation with the Palestinian-Israeli peace process developed. Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example), and increasing aid to Islamic groups (Islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent Islamist groups) that did not, but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced.<ref>''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' [[Gilles Kepel]] pp.205-217</ref> One result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in [[al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya|Egypt]], a bloody civil war in [[List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s|Algeria]] and [[Osama bin Laden]]'s terror attacks climaxing in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attack]].<ref>''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' [[Gilles Kepel]] p.207</ref>+
- +
-===Jihad movements of Egypt===+
-While Qutb's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966, the leadership of the Brotherhood, led by [[Hasan al-Hudaybi]], remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism. Fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of Qutb in the mid-1960s (particularly the manifesto ''Milestones'', aka ''[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq]]'') did, however, develop and they pursued a more radical direction.<ref>Wright, Lawrence, ''Looming Tower'', (2006), p.332</ref> By the 1970s, the Brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals.+
- +
-The path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] organization responsible for the assassination of [[Anwar Sadat]] in 1981. Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the [[Islamic extremism|extremist]] group directed its attacks against what it believed were "apostate" leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies. Its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag, in which he states:+
-<blockquote>...there is no doubt that the first battlefield for jihad is the extermination of these infidel leaders and to replace them by a complete Islamic Order...</blockquote>+
- +
-Another of the Egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for Islamic order was [[al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya]] (Islamic Group). Victims of their campaign against the Egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police (Major General Raouf Khayrat), a parliamentary speaker ([[Rifaat al-Mahgoub]]), dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders, and over 100 Egyptian police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/timeline_egypt.html |title=Timeline of modern Egypt |publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref> Ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful, and the major jihadi group, Jamaa Islamiya (or [[al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya]]), renounced violence in 2003.<ref name="autogenerated4" /> Other lesser known groups include the Islamic Liberation Party, [[Salvation from Hell]] and [[Takfir wal-Hijra]], and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures, arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings.<ref>Mazih Ayubi, ''Political Islam'', 1991, p73</ref>+
- +
-===Sudan and Turabi===+
-For many years, [[Sudan]] had an Islamist regime under the leadership of [[Hassan al-Turabi]]. His [[National Islamic Front]] first gained influence when strongman General [[Gaafar al-Nimeiry]] invited members to serve in his government in 1979. Turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign Islamist banking systems, especially those linked with Saudi Arabia. He also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education.<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p.108</ref>+
- +
-After al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military. Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power, but strict application of [[sharia]] law, torture and mass imprisonment of the oppposition,<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/sudan/ Human Rights Watch Report]| November 1994 Vol. 6, No. 9| SUDAN| "IN THE NAME OF GOD", Repression Continues in Northern Sudan</ref> and an intensification of the long-running war in southern Sudan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Sudan.htm#TopOfPage |title=Human Rights Watch 1989 Sudan |publisher=Hrw.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref> once in power. The NIF regime also harbored [[Osama bin Laden]] for a time (before 9/11), and worked to unify Islamist opposition to the American attack on Iraq in the 1991 [[Gulf War]].+
- +
-{{main|National Islamic Front}}+
-After Sudanese intelligence services were implicated in an [[Hosni Mubarak#Assassination attempt in Ethiopia|assassination attempt]] on the President of Egypt, UN economic sanctions were imposed on Sudan, a poor country, and Turabi fell from favor.<ref>Wright, Lawrence, ''Looming Towers'', (2006), pp.213-215</ref> He was imprisoned for a time in 2004-5. Some of the NIF policies, such as the war with the non-Muslim south, have been reversed, though the National Islamic Front still holds considerable power in the government of [[Omar al-Bashir]] and [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]], another Islamist party in country.+
- +
-===Algeria===+
-{{see also|Algerian Civil War|List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s}}+
-[[File:Islamic Salvation Front logo.jpg|thumb|The [[Islamic Salvation Front|FIS]] emblem]]+
-An Islamist movement influenced by Salafism and the jihad in Afghanistan, as well as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut (the [[Islamic Salvation Front]]) in Algeria. Founded as a broad Islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by [[Abbassi Madani]], and a charismatic Islamist young preacher, [[Ali Belhadj]]. Taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist FLN regime, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following [[Sharia]] law, economic liberalization and development program, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men. The FIS won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état.+
- +
-As Islamists took up arms to overthrow the regime, the FIS's leaders were arrested and it became overshadowed by Islamist guerrilla groups, particularly the [[Islamic Salvation Army]], MIA and [[Armed Islamic Group]] (or GIA). A bloody and devastating [[Algerian Civil War|civil war]] ensued in which between 150,000 and 200,000 people were killed over the next decade.+
- +
-The civil war was not a victory for Islamists. By 2002 the main guerrilla groups had either been destroyed or had surrendered. The popularity of Islamist parties has declined to the point that "the Islamist candidate, Abdallah Jaballah, came a distant third with 5% of the vote" in the 2004 presidential election.<ref>"International: Freer and more peaceful; An election in Algeria," ''The Economist'', April 17, 2004. V.371, n. 8371; p.56</ref>+
- +
-===Taliban in Afghanistan===+
-[[File:Flag of Taliban.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Taliban]]]]+
-{{main|Taliban}}+
-In Afghanistan, the mujahideen's victory against the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|civil war]] between political and tribal warlords, making Afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth. In 1992, the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] ruled by communist forces collapsed, and [[Islamic democracy|democratic Islamist]] elements of mujahdeen founded the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]]. In 1996, a more conservative and anti-democratic Islamist movement known as the [[Taliban]] rose to power, defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 80% of Afghanistan.+
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-The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of [[madrasah]]s the [[Deobandi]] movement established for impoverished [[Afghan refugees]] and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan.<ref>Rashid, ''Taliban'' (2000), p.26, 32</ref> The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading "an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs" under the label of [[Sharia]] to an entire country.<ref>[http://www.meforum.org/article/447 Is Islamism a Threat? A Debate] ''Middle East Quarterly'', December 1999</ref> Their ideology was also described as being influenced by [[Wahhabism]], and the [[Islamic extremism|extremist]] [[jihadism]] of their guest [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>Rashid, ''Taliban'', (2000), p.132, 139</ref><ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World,'' (2004)</ref>+
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-The Taliban considered "politics" to be against [[Sharia]] and thus did not hold elections. They were led by Mullah [[Mohammed Omar]] who was given the title "[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]" or Commander of the Faithful, and a pledge of loyalty by several hundred Taliban-selected [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] clergy in April 1996. Taliban were overwhelmingly Pashtun and were accused of not sharing power with the approximately 60% of Afghans who belonged to other ethnic groups. (see: [[Taliban#Ideology]])<ref>Rashid, ''Taliban'' (2000), p.98, 101</ref>+
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-The Taliban's hosting of [[Osama bin Laden]] led to an American-organized attack which drove them from power following the [[9/11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/217947.stm |title=BBC article stating that bin Laden is "a man without sin" |publisher=BBC News |date=1998-11-21 |accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref>+
-Taliban are still very much alive and fighting a vigorous [[Taliban#Resurgence|insurgency]] with suicide bombings and armed attacks being launched against [[NATO]] and Afghan government targets.+
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-===Turkey===+
-{{POV-section|date=July 2013}}+
-[[File:Necmettin-Erbakan.jpg|thumb|[[Necmettin Erbakan]], was the first Islamist Prime Minister of Turkey elected in 1996, but was removed from power by a [[1997 military memorandum (Turkey)|"postmodern coup d'état"]] in 1997.]]+
-[[Turkey]] had a number of Islamist parties, often changing names as they were banned by the [[Kemalist]] constitutional court for anti-secular activities. [[Necmettin Erbakan]] (1926-2011) was the leader of several of the parties, the [[National Order Party]] (''Milli Nizam Partisi'', 1970-1971), the [[National Salvation Party]] (''Milli Selamet Partisi'', 1972-1981), and the [[Welfare Party]] (''Refah Partisi'', 1983-1998); he also became a member of the [[Felicity Party]] (''Saadet Partisi'', 2003-2011).+
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-The [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]], which has dominated Turkish politics from 2002 to 2013, is sometimes described as Islamist, but rejects such labelling.<ref>{{cite news |title=AKP explains charter changes, slams foreign descriptions |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=akp-explains-charter-changes-slams-foreign-descriptions-2010-03-28 |newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |publisher= |location=Istanbul |date=2010-03-28 |accessdate=2013-10-02 |quote=[...] the AKP's Hüseyin Çelik [...] took the opportunity to be critical of the foreign press on their descriptions of the party. ... 'In the Western press, when the AK Party administration, the ruling party of the Turkish Republic, is being named, unfortunately most of the time "Islamic," "Islamist," "mildly Islamist," "Islamic-oriented," "Islamic-leaning," "Islamic-based" or "with an Islamic agenda," and similar language is being used. These characterizations do not reflect the truth, and they sadden us,' Çelik said.}}</ref>+
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-[[Ismet Özel]], a prominent Islamist intellectual, argued that [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s secular authoritarian policy, ironically, Islamicized the Turkish nation by forcing people to internalize and value their religious identity and not simply to take it for granted as in the past.{{fact|date=November 2014}}+
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-===Other countries===+
-* Various Islamist political groups are dominant forces in the political systems of '''[[Afghanistan]]''', '''[[Iran]]''' and '''[[Iraq]]'''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}+
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-* The [[Green Algeria Alliance]] is an Islamist coalition of political parties, created for the [[Algerian legislative election, 2012|legislative election of 2012]] in '''[[Algeria]]'''. It consists of the [[Movement of Society for Peace]] (Hamas), [[Islamic Renaissance Movement]] (Ennahda) and the [[Movement for National Reform]] (Islah).<ref name="Slimani">{{Citation |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-05-10/islamists-predict-victory-as-algerians-head-to-the-polls |first=Salah |last=Slimani |title=Islamists Predict Victory as Algerians Head to the Polls |work=Bloomberg News |date=10 May 2012}}</ref> The alliance is led by [[Bouguerra Soltani]] of Hamas.<ref name="rnw.nl">{{Citation |url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/algerias-islamists-confident-election-victory |title=Algeria's Islamists confident of election victory |work=RNW |date=7 May 2012}}</ref> However, the incumbent coalition, consisting of the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] of President [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] and the [[National Rally for Democracy (Algeria)|RND]] of Prime Minister [[Ahmed Ouyahia]], held on to power after winning a majority of seats, and the Islamist parties of the [[Green Algeria Alliance]] lost seats in the legislative election of 2012.<ref name="AP">{{Citation |first=Paul |last=Schemm |title=Algerian Islamists fall to govt party in election |work=Associated Press |date=11 May 2012 |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iha4yWXW3Bq_srXitM5rYaY_siig?docId=6499bf4fff474bc6920d8f881c3b3062}}{{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Benoît |last=Faucon |title=Algerian Ruling Party Beats Islamists in Vote |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=11 May 2012 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304543904577398253928469254.html?mod=googlenews_wsj}}</ref>+
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-* Shia Islamist [[Al Wefaq]], Salafi Islamist [[Al Asalah]] and Sunni Islamist [[Al-Menbar Islamic Society]] are dominant democratic forces in '''[[Bahrain]]'''.<ref name="wikileaks">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/168471 Guide to Bahrain's politics] – 4 Sep 2008. [[J. Adam Ereli|Ambassador Ereli]], US Embassy, Bahrain/Wikileaks/''The Guardian''</ref>+
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-* The [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] is the second largest party in the Parliament of '''[[Bangladesh]]''' and the main opposition party. The BNP promotes a [[center-right]] policy combining elements of conservatism, Islamism, nationalism and anti-communism. The party believes that Islam is an integral part of the socio-cultural life of Bangladesh, and favors Islamic principles and cultural views. Since 2000, it has been allied with the Islamic parties Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh and [[Islami Oikya Jote]].<ref name="Ali Riaz">[http://cssaame.dukejournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/23/1-2/301 ""God Willing": The Politics and Ideology of Islamism in Bangladesh"], ''Comparative studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East'', Ali Riaz (2003).</ref> During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] of Pakistan opposed the independence of Bangladesh, but established itself there as an independent political party, the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] after 1975.<ref name="The Tenacity of Hope">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/12855437|title=The Tenacity of Hope|work=The Economist|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="economist.com">[http://www.economist.com/node/16485517?zid=309&ah=80dcf288b8561b012f603b9fd9577f0e Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth], ''[[The Economist]]''</ref>+
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-* The [[Party of Democratic Action]] is the largest political party in '''[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]'''. It was founded in May 1990 by reformist Islamist [[Alija Izetbegović]],<ref name="BBC obituary">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3133038.stm |title=Obituary: Alija Izetbegovic |publisher=BBC |date=2003-10-19 | accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref> representing the conservative Bosniaks and other Slavic Muslim population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907EFDB103EF933A15753C1A9659C8B63 Alija Izetbegović, Muslim Who Led Bosnia, Dies at 78]", ''New York Times'', 20 October 2003</ref>+
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-* [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] and [[Muhammadiyah]] are two influential Islamist social movements in '''[[Indonesia]]'''. The [[National Awakening Party]], [[United Development Party]] and [[Prosperous Justice Party]] are major Indonesian Islamist parties in the country's democratic process.<ref name="Evans, Kevin R 2003">Evans, Kevin R (2003). ''The history of political parties & general elections in Indonesia''. Jakarta:Arise Consultancies.</ref><ref name="Schwarz, 1994 172">{{cite book |last= Schwarz |first= Adam|title= A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |year= 1994 |publisher= Allen & Unwin |isbn=0-521-77326-1 |page= 172}}</ref><ref name="Indonesian Democracy’s Enemy Within">Dhume, Sadanand. (December 1, 2005). [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=6579 Indonesian Democracy’s Enemy Within]{{dead link|date=October 2014}}. Yale Global.</ref>+
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-* [[Islamic Action Front]] is '''[[Jordan]]''''s Islamist political party and largest democratic political force in the country. The IAF's survival in Jordan is primarily due to its flexibility and less radical approach to politics.<ref name="atimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EC07Ak01.html|title=Jordan's Islamic Front rallies Muslims|publisher=|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref>+
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-* [[Hadas]] or "Islamic Constitutional Movement" is '''[[Kuwait]]''''s [[Sunni]] Islamist party.+
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-* [[Islamic Group (Lebanon)]] is a Sunni Islamist political party in '''[[Lebanon]]'''. [[Hezbollah]] is a Shia Islamist political party in Lebanon.<ref name="meforum.org">A. Nizar Hamzeh [http://www.meforum.org/362/islamism-in-lebanon-a-guide-to-the-groups “Islamism in Lebanon: A Guide to the Groups”], ''[[Middle East Quarterly]]'', 1997, '''4''', 47-53.</ref>+
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-* The [[Justice and Construction Party]] is the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]'s political arm in '''[[Libya]]''' and the second largest political force in the country.<ref name="libyaherald.com">{{Cite news |title=Muslim Brotherhood formally launches party |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=3 March 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/muslim-brotherhood-formally-launches-party/|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Soguel">{{Cite news|first=Dominique |last=Soguel |title=Muslim Brother picked to lead new Libya party |agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=8 March 2012 |date=3 March 2012|work=Times of India|location=Tripoli|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-03/middle-east/31118855_1_gaddafi-party-north-african-nation}}{{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Haimzadeh">{{Citation |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=53172 |title=Libya’s Unquiet Election |first=Patrick |last=Haimzadeh |newspaper=Middle East Online |date=3 July 2012}}</ref> The [[National Forces Alliance]], the largest political group in country, doesn't believe the country should be run entirely by Sharia law or [[secular]] law, but does hold that [[Sharia]] should be "the main inspiration for legislation." Party leader Jibril has said the NFA is a moderate Islamic movement that recognises the importance of [[Islam]] in political life and favours Sharia as the basis of the law.<ref name=lherald>{{Citation |first=George |last=Grant |title=Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=1 July 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/07/01/party-profile-the-national-forces-alliance/}}</ref>+
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-* The [[United Malays National Organisation]] is the dominant party of '''[[Malaysia]]''' since the county's independence in 1957. The UMNO sees and defines itself as a moderate Islamist, Islamic democratic and [[social conservative]] party of Muslim [[Ethnic Malays|Malays]].<ref name="umno-online.com">UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.5. From:http://umno-online.com/?page_id=2787</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">UMNO Online. UMNO's Constitution: Goal 3.3. From:http://umno-online.com/?page_id=2787</ref> The [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] is a major [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] party which is relatively more conservative and traditionalist than the UMNO.<ref name="pas.org.my">[http://pas.org.my/v2/kertaskerja/AGS_Penjenamaan_Islam2.pdf ]{{Dead link|date=August 2014}}</ref>{{third-party-inline|date=February 2013}}+
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-* The [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)]] is the ruling party in '''[[Morocco]]''' since 29 November 2011, advocating Islamism and Islamic democracy.<ref name="Chen">{{cite news |url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1769378 |last=Chen |first=Cherice |work=[[Taiwan News]] |accessdate=25 November 2011 |date=25 November 2011 |title=Morocco votes in first election since protests; Islamist party eyes victory}}</ref><ref name="bw">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/moroccans-vote-in-election-marking-shift-of-power-from-king.html |last=Alami |first=Aida |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |title=Moroccans Vote in Election Marking Shift of Power From King |accessdate=25 November 2011 |date=25 November 2011}}</ref>+
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-* [[Hamas]] is the Sunni Islamist organization of '''[[Palestine]]''' that governs the Gaza Strip with [[Sharia]] law.<ref name="islamist/islamic">* "This is particularly the case in view of the scholarly debate on the compatibility of Islam and democracy but even more so in view of Hamas's self-definition as an Islamic national liberation movement." ''The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence'', by Shaul Mishal & Avraham Sela, 2006, p. xxviii+
-[http://books.google.com/books?id=AO-tZkbPDKYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]; *In this way the PA has been able to control the economic activities of its political adversaries, including the Hamas and other Islamic opposition groups. ''Investment in peace: politics of economic cooperation between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority'', by Shaul Mishal, Ranan D. Kuperman, David Boas, 2001, p.&nbsp;85+
-[http://books.google.com/books?id=E3Zbk3ZHSSsC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]; * "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." ''Peace and war: the Arab-Israeli military balance enters the 21st century'', by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p.&nbsp;243+
-[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-ud-Lj5zEC&dq=%22an+islamic%22+%22hamas+is%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s]; * "One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." 'Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty', by Meir Litvak, in ''Challenges to the cohesion of the Arabic State'', by Asher Susser, 2008, p.&nbsp;153. [http://books.google.com/books?id=BVBTqq68ZvQC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]; * "Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987..." Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, by [[C. Augustus Martin|Gus Martin]], 2009, p.&nbsp;153+
-[http://books.google.com/books?id=1Iwd0--ZBUcC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]; * "Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization..." ''Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran'', by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p.&nbsp;39. [http://books.google.com/books?id=sm_eGpXb4EMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s]; * "The Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islam- iyya), known by its acronym Hamas, is an Islamic fundamentalist organization which defines itself as the military wing of the Muslim Brethren." ''Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas'', by Esther Webman, 1994, p.&nbsp;17. [http://books.google.com/books?id=zaFtAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s]* [http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/Islamism2Mar05.pdf "Understanding Islamism"]{{dead link|date=October 2014}}, Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, 2 March 2005 * {{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL23611943._CH_.2400|title=Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist|date=2007-08-23|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2009-01-28}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2641289.ece|title=Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza|last=Hider|first=James|date=2007-10-12|publisher=The Times Online|accessdate=2009-01-28 | location=London}} * The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation. Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 * {{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968/#p5 |title=Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |accessdate=May 27, 2010}}</ref> Hamas also has a military resistance wing, the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]].<ref name="Abcnews.go.com">{{cite web|author=|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79201&page=2 |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Hamas |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=2006-01-06 |accessdate=2011-08-02}}</ref>+
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-* The [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria]] is a Sunni Islamist force in '''[[Syria]]''' and very loosely affiliated to the Egyptian [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. It has also been called the "dominant group" or "dominant force" in the [[Arab Spring]] uprising in Syria.<ref name=wp05122012>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrias-muslim-brotherhood-is-gaining-influence-over-anti-assad-revolt/2012/05/12/gIQAtIoJLU_story.html Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt] By Liz Sly, ''[[Washington Post]]'' 12 May 2012</ref> The group's stated political positions are moderate and in its most recent April 2012 manifesto it "pledges to respect individual rights", to promote pluralism and democracy.<ref name=reuters>Khaled Yacoub Oweis [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-syria-brotherhood-idUSBRE84504R20120506 "Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes,"] Reuters (6 May 2012).</ref>+
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-* The [[Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan]] is '''[[Tajikistan]]''''s Islamist party and main opposition and democratic force in the country.<ref name="ReferenceB">"Mountain Rigger", ''[[The Economist]]'', November 11, 2006</ref>+
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-* The [[Ennahda Movement]], also known as Renaissance Party or simply Ennahda, is a moderate Islamist political party in '''[[Tunisia]]'''.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12611609 |title=Tunisia legalises Islamist group Ennahda |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=1 March 2011 |accessdate=24 June 2011 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/20208be6-70e1-11e0-9b1d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1QD6AeB85 |first=Roula |last=Khalaf |title=Tunisian Islamists seek poll majority |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |publisher=FT.com |date=27 Apr 2011 |accessdate=24 June 2011 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/2011130111220856971.html |title=Tunisian leader returns from exile |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=24 June 2011 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="WSJ">{{Cite news |first=Matthew |last=Kaminski |title=On the Campaign Trail With Islamist Democrats |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=26 October 2011 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204777904576651361230968584.html?mod=googlenews_wsj |accessdate=26 October 2011 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> On 1 March 2011, after the government of [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] collapsed in the wake of the 2011 [[Tunisian revolution]], Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|Tunisian Constituent Assembly election of 2011]], the first honest election in the country's history with a turnout of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%) of the 217 assembly seats, far more than any other party.<ref name=isie-report>{{citation |last=ISIE |first=High and Independent Instance for the Elections |title=Decree of 23 Nov. 2011 about the Final Results of the National Constituent Assembly Elections |language=Arabic |url=http://www.isie.tn/Ar/image.php?id=722 |year=2011}}{{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Feldman>{{cite news|last=Feldman |first=Noah |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-30/islamists-victory-in-tunisia-a-win-for-democracy-noah-feldman.html |title=Islamists’ Victory in Tunisia a Win for Democracy: Noah Feldman |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2011-10-30 |accessdate=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref name=Lynch>[http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/06/29/tunisias_new_al_nahda Tunisia's New al-Nahda] Marc Lynch 29 June 2011</ref><ref name="RealClearPolitics">{{cite web|last=Bay |first=Austin |title=Tunisia and its Islamists: The Revolution, Phase Two|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2011/11/30/tunisia_and_its_islamists_the_revolution_phase_two_112228.html| accessdate=2012-03-22}}</ref><ref name="WorldAffairs">{{cite web|last=Totten |first=Michael |title=No to America and No to Radical Islam|url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/michael-j-totten/no-america-and-no-radical-islam|accessdate=2012-03-22}}</ref>+
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-===Hizb ut-Tahrir===+
-{{main|Hizb ut-Tahrir}}+
-[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] is an influential international Islamist movement, founded in 1953 by an Islamic [[Qadi]] ''(judge)'' [[Taqiuddin al-Nabhani]]. HT is unique from most other Islamist movements in that the party focuses not on implementation of [[Sharia]] on local level or on providing social services, but on unifying the Muslim world under its vision of a new Islamic [[caliphate]] spanning from North Africa and the Middle East to much of central and South Asia.+
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-To this end it has drawn up and published a constitution for its proposed caliphate state. The constitution's 187 articles specify specific policies such as [[sharia]] law, a "unitary ruling system" headed by a caliph elected by Muslims, an economy based on the [[gold standard]], public ownership of utilities, public transport, and energy resources, and [[Arabic]] as the "sole language of the State."<ref>[http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.info/english/constitution.htm Draft Constitution] {{Dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref>+
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-In its focus on the Caliphate, HT takes a different view of Muslim history than some other Islamists such as [[Muhammad Qutb]]. HT sees Islam's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of [[Ali]], or one of the other four [[Rashidun|rightly guided Caliphs]] in the 7th century, but with the [[Caliph#Abolition of the institution|abolition]] of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]] in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames "the disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers" working through Turkish modernist [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]].<ref>an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin, ''The System of Islam'' (Nidham ul Islam), Al-Khilafa Publications, www.khilafah.com, 1423 AH – 2002 CE p.58</ref>+
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-HT does not engage in armed [[jihad]] or a democratic system, but works to take power through "ideological struggle" to change Muslim public opinion, and in particular through elites who will "facilitate" a "change of the government," i.e. launch a bloodless [[Coup d'état|coup]]. It allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969 in [[Jordan]], and in 1974 in [[Egypt]], and is now banned in both countries.<ref>"Fighting the War of Ideas", Zeyno Baran. ''Foreign Affairs,'' Nov/December 2005</ref> But many HT members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists have cited HT as their key influence.+
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-The party is sometimes described as "Leninist" and "rigidly controlled by its central leadership,"<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/node/148823 |title=For Allah and the caliphate |first=Malik |last=Shiv | date=13 September 2004 | work=New Statesman}}</ref> with its estimated one million members required to spend "at least two years studying party literature under the guidance of mentors ''([[Murshid]])''" before taking "the party oath."<ref name="autogenerated3" /> HT is particularly active in the ex-soviet republics of [[Central Asia]] and in [[Europe]].+
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-In the [[United Kingdom|UK]] its rallies have drawn thousands of Muslims,<ref>"[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_17-9-2002_pg4_2 9,000 mainly young people attend HT Rally]," September 15, 2002</ref> and the party has been described by two observers (Robert S. Leiken and Steven Brooke) to have outpaced the Muslim Brotherhood in both membership and radicalism.<ref>[http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/62453/robert-s-leiken-and-steven-brooke/the-moderate-muslim-brotherhood "The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood"], Robert S. Leiken and Steven Brooke| ''Foreign Affairs,'' | March/April 2007</ref>+
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-===London===+
-{{main|Londonistan (term)}}+
-[[Greater London]] has over 900,000 [[Muslim]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |title=Release Edition Reference Tables |publisher=ONS |date=2012-12-11 |accessdate=2014-08-18}}</ref> (most of South Asian origins and concentrated in the [[East End of London|East London]] boroughs of [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]], [[Tower Hamlets]] and [[Waltham Forest]]), and among them are some with a strong [[Islamist]] outlook. Their presence, combined with a perceived British policy of allowing them free rein,<ref>{{cite web|first=Kurt | last=Barling |title=What's the risk to London? |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/09/08/kurtbarling_londonrisk_feature.shtml |publisher=BBC |date=15 May 2008 |accessdate=8 June 2012}}{{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4689739.stm |title=Image of bombers' deadly journey |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-07-17 |accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref> heightened by exposés such as the 2007 Channel 4 documentary programme ''[[Undercover Mosque]]'', has given rise to the term [[Londonistan (term)|Londonistan]]. Following the 9/11 attacks, however, [[Abu Hamza al-Masri]], the [[Imam (Sunni Islam)|imam]] of the [[Finsbury Park Mosque]], was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused many Islamists to leave the UK to avoid internment.+
- +
-== Counter-response ==+
-{{dubious|date=February 2014}}+
- +
-The U.S. government has engaged in efforts to counter Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001. These efforts were centred in the U.S. around [[public diplomacy]] programmes conducted by the State Department. There have been calls to create an independent agency in the U.S. with a specific mission of undermining Islamism and jihadism. Christian Whiton, an official in the [[George W. Bush administration]], called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of "political warfare" aimed at undermining the ideology.<ref>{{cite web|author=Post |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122806669714467075.html?mod=djemEditorialPage |title=NOVEMBER 30, 2008, 1:36 P.M. ET Information Warfare Matters |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=2008-12-01 |accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref> U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct [[U.S. Information Agency]], which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2008/spring_governance_galston.aspx |title=Creating a New Public Diplomacy Cabinet Post. Spring 2008 |publisher=Brookings.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-06-08}}</ref>+
- +
-== Parties and organizations ==+
- +
-{| class="wikitable"+
-|-+
-! Country or scope !! Movement/s+
-|-+
-| International || [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Algeria}} || [[Green Algeria Alliance]]<ref name="Slimani"/><ref name="rnw.nl"/>+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Bahrain}} || {{hlist |[[Al Wefaq]] {{small|(''Shia'')}} |[[Al Asalah]] {{small|(''Salafi'')}} |[[Al-Menbar Islamic Society|Al Menbar]] {{small|(''Sunni'')}}<ref name="wikileaks">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/168471 Guide to Bahrain's politics] – 4 Sep 2008. [[J. Adam Ereli|Ambassador Ereli]], US Embassy, Bahrain/Wikileaks/''The Guardian''</ref>}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]]<ref name="The Tenacity of Hope"/><ref name="economist.com"/>+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Belgium}} || [[Sharia4Belgium]]+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}&nbsp; || [[Party of Democratic Action]]<ref name="BBC obituary">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3133038.stm |title=Obituary: Alija Izetbegovic |publisher=BBC |date=2003-10-19 | accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="query.nytimes.com"/>+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Egypt}} || {{hlist |[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)]] |[[Al-Nour Party]] |[[Al-Wasat Party]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/world/middleeast/muslim-brotherhood-wins-47-of-egypt-assembly-seats.html Islamists Win 75% of Seats in the Egyptian Parliament] ''The New York Times''.</ref>}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Finland}} || [[Finnish Islamic Party]]+
-|-+
-| {{flag|India}} || [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]]+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Indonesia}} || {{hlist |[[Nahdlatul Ulama]] |[[Muhammadiyah]] |[[United Development Party]] |[[Prosperous Justice Party]] |[[National Awakening Party]] |[[Islamic Defenders Front]]<ref name="Evans, Kevin R 2003"/><ref name="Schwarz, 1994 172"/><ref name="Indonesian Democracy’s Enemy Within"/>}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Iran}} || {{hlist |[[Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran]] |[[Islamic Iran Participation Front]]}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Iraq}} || {{hlist |[[State of Law Coalition]] |[[National Iraqi Alliance]]}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Jordan}} || [[Islamic Action Front]]<ref name="atimes.com"/>+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Kuwait}} || [[Hadas]]+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Lebanon}} || {{hlist |[[Hezbollah]] {{small|(''Shia'')}} |[[Islamic Group (Lebanon)|Islamic Group]] {{small|(''Sunni'')}}<ref name="meforum.org"/>}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Libya}} || {{hlist |[[Justice and Construction Party]]<ref name="libyaherald.com"/><ref name="Soguel"/> |[[Homeland Party (Libya)]]<ref>{{citation |first=Peter |last=Beaumont |title=Political Islam poised to dominate the new world bequeathed by Arab spring |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 December 2011 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/dec/03/political-islam-poised-arab-spring |accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Sallabi's views">{{cite news |date=15 September 2011 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/15/world/africa/in-libya-islamists-growing-sway-raises-questions.html?pagewanted=all |title=Islamists’ Growing Sway Raises Questions for Libya |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Richard |last=Spencer |title=Libyan cleric announces new party on lines of 'moderate' Islamic democracy |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=19 November 2011 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8879955/Libyan-cleric-announces-new-party-on-lines-of-moderate-Islamic-democracy.html |accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref> |[[National Forces Alliance]]<ref name="Haimzadeh"/><ref name=lherald>{{citation |first=George |last=Grant |title=Party Profile: The National Forces Alliance |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=1 July 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/07/01/party-profile-the-national-forces-alliance/}}</ref>}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Malaysia}} || {{hlist |[[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]]<ref name="pas.org.my"/> |[[United Malays National Organisation]]<ref name="umno-online.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag| Maldives}} || {{hlist |[[Islamic Democratic Party (Maldives)]] |[[Adhaalath Party]]}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Morocco}} || [[Justice and Development Party (Morocco)|Justice and Development Party]]<ref name="Chen"/><ref name="bw">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/moroccans-vote-in-election-marking-shift-of-power-from-king.html |last=Alami |first=Aida |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |title=Moroccans Vote in Election Marking Shift of Power From King |accessdate=25 November 2011 |date=25 November 2011}}</ref>+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Netherlands}} || [[Sharia4Holland]]+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Pakistan}} || {{hlist |[[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] |[[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] |[[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]]<ref>Sidrah Moiz Khan [http://tribune.com.pk/story/399907/pakistans-creation-pointless-if-it-fails-to-become-islamic-welfare-state// "Pakistan's creation pointless if it fails to become Islamic welfare state"] "Imran Khan said on Wednesday that Pakistan’s creation had been pointless if the country fails to become an Islamic welfare state" 27 June 2012.</ref><ref>Marcus Michaelsen [http://en.qantara.de/Pakistans-Dream-Catcher/18718c497/index.html// "Pakistan's dream catcher"] "Iqbal's work has influenced Imran Khan in his deliberations on an "Islamic social state" 27 March 2012.</ref>}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Palestine}} || [[Hamas]]<ref name="islamist/islamic">+
-* "This is particularly the case in view of the scholarly debate on the compatibility of Islam and democracy but even more so in view of Hamas's self-definition as an Islamic national liberation movement." ''The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence'', by Shaul Mishal & Avraham Sela, 2006, p. xxviii+
-[http://books.google.com/books?id=AO-tZkbPDKYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s];+
-* In this way the PA has been able to control the economic activities of its political adversaries, including the Hamas and other Islamic opposition groups. ''Investment in peace: politics of economic cooperation between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority'', by Shaul Mishal, Ranan D. Kuperman, David Boas, 2001, p.&nbsp;85+
-[http://books.google.com/books?id=E3Zbk3ZHSSsC&source=gbs_navlinks_s];+
-* "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." ''Peace and war: the Arab-Israeli military balance enters the 21st century'', by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p.&nbsp;243 [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-ud-Lj5zEC&dq=%22an+islamic%22+%22hamas+is%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s];+
-* "One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." 'Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty', by Meir Litvak, in ''Challenges to the cohesion of the Arabic State'', by Asher Susser, 2008, p.&nbsp;153. [http://books.google.com/books?id=BVBTqq68ZvQC&source=gbs_navlinks_s];+
-* "Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987..." ''Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues'', by [[C. Augustus Martin|Gus Martin]], 2009, p.&nbsp;153 [http://books.google.com/books?id=1Iwd0--ZBUcC&source=gbs_navlinks_s];+
-* "Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization..." ''Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran'', by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p.&nbsp;39. [http://books.google.com/books?id=sm_eGpXb4EMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s];+
-* "The Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islam- iyya), known by its acronym Hamas, is an Islamic fundamentalist organization which defines itself as the military wing of the Muslim Brethren." ''Anti-semitic motifs in the ideology of Hizballah and Hamas'', by Esther Webman, 1994, p.&nbsp;17. [http://books.google.com/books?id=zaFtAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s]+
-* [http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/Islamism2Mar05.pdf "Understanding Islamism"]{{dead link|date=October 2014}}, Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, 2 March 2005+
-* {{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL23611943._CH_.2400 |title=Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist |date=2007-08-23 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=2009-01-28}}+
-* {{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2641289.ece |title=Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza |last=Hider |first=James |date=2007-10-12 |publisher=The Times Online |accessdate=2009-01-28 |location=London}}+
-* The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation. Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005+
-* {{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/8968/#p5 |title=Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |accessdate=May 27, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Abcnews.go.com"/> +
-|-+
-| {{flag|Philippines}} || [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] +
-|-+
-| {{flag|Rwanda}} || [[Islamic Democratic Party (Rwanda)|Islamic Democratic Party]]+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Sudan}} || {{hlist |[[National Congress (Sudan)]] |[[National Umma Party Sudan]]}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Syria}} || [[Muslim Brotherhood in Syria]]<ref name=wp05122012>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrias-muslim-brotherhood-is-gaining-influence-over-anti-assad-revolt/2012/05/12/gIQAtIoJLU_story.html Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt] By Liz Sly, ''[[Washington Post]]'' 12 May 2012</ref><ref name=reuters>Khaled Yacoub Oweis [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us-syria-brotherhood-idUSBRE84504R20120506 "Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes,"] Reuters (6 May 2012).</ref><ref name=ikhwanweb>[http://ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29851 "Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter,"] ikhwanweb.com (The Muslim Brotherhood’s Official English web site) (7 April 2012).</ref> +
-|-+
-| {{flag| Tajikistan}} || [[Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> +
-|-+
-| {{flag|Tunisia}} || [[Ennahda Movement]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite journal |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12611609 |title=Tunisia legalises Islamist group Ennahda |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=1 March 2011 |accessdate=24 June 2011 |postscript=<!--Bot-inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary.-->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="FT">{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/20208be6-70e1-11e0-9b1d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1QD6AeB85 |first=Roula |last=Khalaf |title=Tunisian Islamists seek poll majority |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |publisher=FT.com |date=27 Apr 2011 |accessdate=24 June 2011 |postscript=<!--Bot-inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary.-->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/01/2011130111220856971.html |title=Tunisian leader returns from exile |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=24 June 2011 |postscript=<!--Bot-inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary.-->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Kaminski |title=On the Campaign Trail With Islamist Democrats |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=26 October 2011 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204777904576651361230968584.html?mod=googlenews_wsj |accessdate=26 October 2011 |postscript=<!--Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary.-->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Turkey}} || {{hlist |[[Independent Turkey Party]] |[[Felicity Party]]}}+
-|-+
-|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{hlist |[[Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah (organisation)|Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah]] |[[Islam4UK]]}}+
-|-+
-|{{flag|United States}} || {{hlist |[[Islamic Thinkers Society]] |[[Revolution Muslim]]}}+
-|-+
-| {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] {{small|(currently operates mainly in Pakistan and also targets Kyrgzstan)}}+
-|-+
-|{{flag|Yemen}} || [[Al-Islah (Yemen)|Al-Islah]]+
-|}+
== See also == == See also ==

Revision as of 09:33, 17 November 2014

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Islamism (Islam + -ism) or political Islam (Template:Lang-ar Template:Transl; or Template:Lang Template:Transl) is a set of ideologies holding that "Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life". "Islamism" is a controversial neologism whose definition sometimes varies (see next section). Islamists can have varying interpretations on various Quranic suras and ayahs. Islamist views emphasize the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law); of pan-Islamic political unity; and of the selective removal of non-Muslim, particularly Western military, economic, political, social, or cultural influences in the Muslim world that they believe to be incompatible with Islam. Some observers (Graham Fuller) suggest Islamism's tenets are less strict, and can be defined as a form of identity politics or "support for [Muslim] identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, [and] revitalization of the community". Following the Arab Spring, political Islam has been described as "increasingly interdependent" with political democracy.

Islamists generally oppose the use of the term, claiming that their political beliefs and goals are simply an expression of Islamic religious belief. Similarly, some experts (Bernard Lewis) favor the term "activist Islam", or "political Islam" (Trevor Stanley), and some (Robin Wright) have equated the term "militant Islam" with Islamism.

Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include Ata Abu Rashta, Sayyid Qutb, Hasan al-Banna, Abul Ala Maududi and Ruhollah Khomeini. Other important figures who inspired various Islamist movements are Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad 'Abduh, Rashid Rida, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Asad, Said Nursî, Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, Ali Shariati, Navvab Safavi, Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Rashid al-Ghannushi.

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Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Islamism" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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