Islam

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Islam is a monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th-century Arab religious and political figure. The word Islam means "submission," or the total surrender of one's self to God.

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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is only one and incomparable God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam teaches that God is merciful, all-powerful, unique, and has guided mankind through prophets, revealed scriptures and natural signs. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad ([[Circa|Template:Circa]] 570–8 June 632 CE).

Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous are punished in hell. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment. The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.

Apart from the Muslim viewpoint, Islam is believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca, and by the 8th century the Islamic empire extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing. The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires, traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities.

Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni (75–90%) or Shia (10–20%). About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world, 23% in the Middle East-North Africa, where it is the dominant religion, and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sizable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, Caucasus, China, Europe, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines and Russia. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.

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-'''Islam''' is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[monotheism|monotheistic]] [[religion]] which professes that there is only [[Tawhid|one and incomparable God]] ([[Allah]])<ref>'''quran.com''': ''[http://quran.com/2/255]''</ref> and that [[Muhammad]] is the [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|last messenger]] of God.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=John L. Esposito|title=Islam. Overview|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0383|subscription=yes|quote=Profession of Faith [...] affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God, the last and final prophet. }}</ref><ref name=OEIW-allah>{{cite encyclopedia|author=F. E. Peters|title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0383|subscription=yes|quote=the Muslims’ understanding of Allāh is based [...] on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of humankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses, Jesus, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the “Peoples of the Book.”}}</ref> It is the [[Major religious groups#Largest religions|world's second-largest religion]]<ref name=landscape>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=18 December 2012|publisher=Pew Forum}}</ref> and the [[Growth of religion|fastest-growing major religion in the world]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burke|first1=Daniel|title=The world's fastest-growing religion is ...|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/|accessdate=18 April 2015|agency=CNN|date=April 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Lippman>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god |title=No God But God |author=Lippman, Thomas W. |quote=''Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.'' |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=2008-04-07|accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithtoday.html PBS - Islam: Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today].</ref> with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the global population,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/|title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group|date=2017-04-06|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2017-05-11|language=en-US}}</ref> known as [[Muslim]]s.<ref>According to [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/muslim Oxford Dictionaries], "Muslim is the preferred term for 'follower of Islam,' although Moslem is also widely used."</ref> Islam teaches that [[God in Islam|God]] is [[Mercy#Islam|merciful]], [[Omnipotence|all-powerful]], [[Tawhid|unique]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Juan E. Campo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA34 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|page=34|chapter=Allah|title=Encyclopedia of Islam }}</ref> and has guided mankind through [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]], [[Islamic holy books|revealed scriptures]] and  [[Ayah|natural signs]].<ref name=OEIW-allah/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=İbrahim Özdemir|title= Environment |editor=Ibrahim Kalin|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001/acref-9780199812578-e-237|subscription=yes|quote=When Meccan pagans demanded proofs, signs, or miracles for the existence of God, the Qurʾān’s response was to direct their gaze at nature’s complexity, regularity, and order. The early verses of the Qurʾān, therefore, reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth, and everything that can be seen in the environment [...] The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God (āyah), inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator.}}</ref> The primary scriptures of Islam are the [[Quran]], viewed by Muslims as the [[:wikt:verbatim|verbatim]] word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the ''[[sunnah]]'', composed of accounts called ''[[hadith]]'') of Muhammad ([[Circa|{{circa}}]] 570–8 June 632 CE).
+'''Islam''' is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[monotheism|monotheistic]] [[religion]] which professes that there is only [[Tawhid|one and incomparable God]] ([[Allah]]) and that [[Muhammad]] is the [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|last messenger]] of God. It is the [[Major religious groups#Largest religions|world's second-largest religion]] and the [[Growth of religion|fastest-growing major religion in the world]], with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the global population, known as [[Muslim]]s. Islam teaches that [[God in Islam|God]] is [[Mercy#Islam|merciful]], [[Omnipotence|all-powerful]], [[Tawhid|unique]], and has guided mankind through [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]], [[Islamic holy books|revealed scriptures]] and  [[Ayah|natural signs]]. The primary scriptures of Islam are the [[Quran]], viewed by Muslims as the [[:wikt:verbatim|verbatim]] word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the ''[[sunnah]]'', composed of accounts called ''[[hadith]]'') of Muhammad ([[Circa|{{circa}}]] 570–8 June 632 CE).
-Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a [[Fitra|primordial faith]] that was revealed many times before through prophets including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]].<ref name="People-of-the-Book">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html |title=People of the Book |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2010-12-18}}</ref><ref>Reeves, J. C. (2004). Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality. Leiden [u.a.: Brill. Page 177</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/living/yom-kippur-muslims/index.html, retrieved 10-1-2016</ref> As for the Quran, Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bennett |2010|p=101}}</ref> Like other [[Abrahamic religions]], Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded [[Jannah|paradise]] and unrighteous are punished in [[Jahannam|hell]].<ref>[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2]</ref> Religious concepts and practices include the [[Five Pillars of Islam|five pillars of Islam]], which are obligatory acts of worship, and following [[Sharia|Islamic law]], which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from [[Islamic banking and finance|banking]] and [[zakat|welfare]] to [[Women in Islam|women]] and the [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|environment]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Esposito|2002b|p=17}}</ref><ref>* {{Harvtxt|Esposito|2002b| pp=111,112,118}}
+Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a [[Fitra|primordial faith]] that was revealed many times before through prophets including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]]. Like other [[Abrahamic religions]], Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded [[Jannah|paradise]] and unrighteous are punished in [[Jahannam|hell]]. Religious concepts and practices include the [[Five Pillars of Islam|five pillars of Islam]], which are obligatory acts of worship, and following [[Sharia|Islamic law]], which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from [[Islamic banking and finance|banking]] and [[zakat|welfare]] to [[Women in Islam|women]] and the [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|environment]]. The cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]] and [[Jerusalem]] are home to [[Holiest sites in Islam|the three holiest sites in Islam]].
-* {{cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | ref=harv }}
-</ref> The cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]] and [[Jerusalem]] are home to [[Holiest sites in Islam|the three holiest sites in Islam]].<ref name="Trofimov">{{Citation|last=Trofimov|first=Yaroslav|title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine|year=2008|pages=|page=79|place=New York|language=|isbn=0-307-47290-6}}</ref>
-Apart from the Muslim viewpoint,<ref name="Esposito1998">{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title= Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |pages=9, 12}}</ref><ref name="Esposito2002b">Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.</ref><ref name="Peters2003">{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |year=2003 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-11553-2 |page=9}}</ref> Islam is believed to have originated in the early 7th century [[Common Era|CE]] in Mecca,<ref>{{cite book|last=Watt|first=William Montgomery|authorlink=W. Montgomery Watt|title=Islam and the Integration of Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-17587-6|page=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref> and by the 8th century the [[Caliphate|Islamic empire]] extended from [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] in the west to the [[Indus River]] in the east. The [[Islamic Golden Age]] refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] was experiencing a [[science in the medieval Islamic world|scientific]], [[History of Islamic economics#Classical Muslim commerce|economic]] and cultural flourishing.<ref name=Saliba>[[George Saliba]] (1994), ''A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam'', pp. 245, 250, 256–7. [[New York University Press]], {{ISBN|0-8147-8023-7}}.</ref><ref name=King>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/353360 | last1 = King | first1 = David A. | year = 1983 | title = The Astronomy of the Mamluks | url = | journal = Isis | volume = 74 | issue = 4| pages = 531–555 | ref = harv }}</ref><ref name=Hassan-Decline>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y |title=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |encyclopedia=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity, Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Islam and the Challenge of Modernity: Historical and Contemporary Contexts, Kuala Lumpur, August 1–5, 1994 |editor=Sharifah Shifa Al-Attas |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization ([[ISTAC]])|date=1996 |pages=351–399 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Spread of Islam|expansion]] of the [[Muslim world]] involved various [[caliphate]]s and [[List of Muslim empires and dynasties|empires]], traders and [[conversion to Islam]] by [[Islamic missionary activity|missionary activities]].<ref>The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg.125-258</ref>
+Apart from the Muslim viewpoint, Islam is believed to have originated in the early 7th century [[Common Era|CE]] in Mecca, and by the 8th century the [[Caliphate|Islamic empire]] extended from [[Al-Andalus|Iberia]] in the west to the [[Indus River]] in the east. The [[Islamic Golden Age]] refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century when much of the historically [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] was experiencing a [[science in the medieval Islamic world|scientific]], [[History of Islamic economics#Classical Muslim commerce|economic]] and cultural flourishing. The [[Spread of Islam|expansion]] of the [[Muslim world]] involved various [[caliphate]]s and [[List of Muslim empires and dynasties|empires]], traders and [[conversion to Islam]] by [[Islamic missionary activity|missionary activities]].
-Most Muslims are of one of two [[Islamic schools and branches|denominations]]:<ref name="NYT-20160103">{{cite news |last=Harney |first=John |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |date=January 3, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=January 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160105-maps">{{cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |date=January 5, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=January 6, 2016 }}</ref> [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] (75–90%)<ref name="Sunni-eb" /> or [[Shia Islam|Shia]] (10–20%).<ref name="Shia" /> About 13% of Muslims live in [[Indonesia]],<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.8,17">{{Harvtxt|Miller|2009|pp=8,17}}</ref> the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in [[Islam in South Asia|South Asia]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=what+percent+of+muslims+live+in+south+asia#v=onepage&q=what%20percent%20of%20muslims%20live%20in%20south%20asia&f=false|title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today|last=Pechilis|first=Karen|last2=Raj|first2=Selva J.|date=2013-01-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415448512|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=2017-02-07}}</ref> the largest population of Muslims in the world,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/|title=How South Asia Will Save Global Islam|last=Diplomat|first=Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The|newspaper=The Diplomat|access-date=2017-02-07|language=en-US}}</ref> 23% in the [[Religion in the Middle East#Islam|Middle East]]-[[Islam in Africa|North Africa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/|title=Middle East-North Africa Overview|date=7 October 2009|publisher=}}</ref> where it is the dominant religion,<ref name="pewmuslim22">{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx|title=Region: Middle East-North Africa|publisher=Pew Research Center|work=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref> and 15% in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name="mgmpPRC" /><ref name="pewmuslim32">{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx|title=Region: Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Pew Research Center|work=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) {{ISBN|978-0-85229-956-2}} p.306
+Most Muslims are of one of two [[Islamic schools and branches|denominations]]: [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] (75–90%) or [[Shia Islam|Shia]] (10–20%). About 13% of Muslims live in [[Indonesia]], the largest Muslim-majority country, 31% in [[Islam in South Asia|South Asia]], the largest population of Muslims in the world, 23% in the [[Religion in the Middle East#Islam|Middle East]]-[[Islam in Africa|North Africa]], where it is the dominant religion, and 15% in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. Sizable [[Islam by country|Muslim communities]] are also found in the [[Islam in the Americas|Americas]], [[Caucasus]], [[Islam in China|China]], [[Islam in Europe|Europe]], [[Mainland Southeast Asia#Prevalence|Mainland Southeast Asia]], [[Islam in the Philippines|Philippines]] and [[Islam in Russia|Russia]]. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.
-According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. [http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php Ian S. Markham, (A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)] is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total population. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the [http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here], as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: [https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions], Foreign Policy, May 2007.
-</ref> Sizable [[Islam by country|Muslim communities]] are also found in the [[Islam in the Americas|Americas]], [[Caucasus]], [[Islam in China|China]], [[Islam in Europe|Europe]], [[Mainland Southeast Asia#Prevalence|Mainland Southeast Asia]], [[Islam in the Philippines|Philippines]] and [[Islam in Russia|Russia]].<ref name="pewmuslim12">{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/ |title=Muslim Population by Country |publisher=Pew Research Center |work=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |accessdate=22 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archivedate= 9 February 2011 |df= }}</ref> Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.
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