Internet censorship  

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-'''Internet censorship''' is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the [[Internet]]. The legal issues are similar to offline [[censorship]].+'''Internet censorship''' is the [[censorship|control or suppression]] of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the [[Internet]] enacted by regulators, or on their own initiative. Individuals and organizations may engage in [[self-censorship]] for moral, religious, or business reasons, to conform to societal norms, due to intimidation, or out of fear of legal or other consequences.
-One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain information can find it on [[website]]s hosted outside the country. Conversely, attempts by one government to prevent its citizens from seeing certain material can have the effect of restricting foreigners, because the government may take action against Internet sites anywhere in the world, if they host objectionable material.+The extent of Internet censorship varies on a country-to-country basis. While some [[Democracy|democratic]] countries have moderate Internet censorship, other countries go as far as to limit the access of information such as news and suppress discussion among citizens. Internet censorship also occurs in response to or in anticipation of events such as elections, protests, and riots. An example is the increased censorship due to the events of the [[Arab Spring]]. Other types of censorship include the use of copyrights, defamation, harassment, and obscene material claims as a way to suppress content.
-Barring total control on Internet-connected computers, such as in [[North Korea]], total censorship of information on the Internet is very difficult (or impossible) to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet. [[Pseudonymity]] and [[data haven]]s (such as [[Freenet]]) allow unconditional [[free speech]], as the technology guarantees that material cannot be removed and the author of any information is impossible to link to a physical [[digital identity|identity]] or [[organization]].+Support for and opposition to Internet censorship also varies. In a [[#Internet Society's Global Internet User Survey|2012 Internet Society survey]] 71% of respondents agreed that "censorship should exist in some form on the Internet". In the same survey 83% agreed that "access to the Internet should be considered a basic human right" and 86% agreed that "[[freedom of expression]] should be guaranteed on the Internet". Perception of internet censorship in the US is largely based on the First Amendment and the right for expansive free speech and access to content without regard to the consequences. According to [[GlobalWebIndex]], over 400 million people use [[virtual private network]]s to circumvent censorship or for increased user privacy.
 + 
 +==See also==
 + 
 +'''Organizations and projects''':
 +* [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]] – an online hacktivist collective that express its opposition to Internet censorship through protests and online hacking in several countries.
 +* [[CIRCAMP]] (Cospol Internet Related Child Abusive Material Project) – a project of the European Chiefs of Police Task Force to combat commercial and organized distribution of [[child pornography]]
 +* The [[Clean IT]] project – a European Union-funded project with the stated aim of suppressing terrorist activity
 +* [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] – an international non-profit digital rights advocacy and legal organization
 +* [[Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography]] – a coalition of credit card issuers and Internet services companies that seeks to eliminate commercial child pornography by taking action on the payment systems that fund these operations
 +* [[Freedom House]] – a U.S.-based non-profit that produces the ''Freedom on the Net'' reports, among others.
 +* [[Global Internet Freedom Consortium]] (GIFC) – a consortium of organizations that develop and deploy anti-censorship technologies
 +* [[Global Internet Freedom Task Force]] (GIFT) – an initiative within the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]
 +* [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] (IFEX) – a global network of non-governmental organizations that promotes and defends the right to freedom of expression
 +** [[Tunisia Monitoring Group]] – a coalition within IFEX that monitors free expression in Tunisia
 +* [[Internet Governance Forum]] (IGF) – a United Nations multi-stakeholder policy dialogue initiative
 +* [[Internet Watch Foundation]] – a government-supported charity that manages the blacklist used by UK ISPs to block access to websites hosting child abuse content
 +* [[Lumen (website)|Lumen]] (formerly Chilling Effects) – a joint project of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and several U.S. university law schools and clinics
 +* [[Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI)]] - is a free software, global observation network created to detect censorship, surveillance and traffic manipulation on the internet
 +* [[Open Technology Fund]] (OTF) – a U.S. Government funded program created in 2012 at Radio Free Asia to support global Internet freedom technologies
 +* [[OpenNet Initiative]] – a joint project to monitor and report on Internet filtering and surveillance practices by nations
 +* [[Peacefire]] – a U.S.-based website dedicated to "preserving First Amendment rights for Internet users, particularly those younger than 18"
 +* [[The Pirate Party]] – a political movement that aims to reform laws regarding [[copyright]] and patents, strengthen the [[right to privacy]], and increase the [[Transparency (social)|transparency of state administration]]
 +* ''[[Reporters sans frontières]]'' ([[Reporters Without Borders]]) – a France-based international non-governmental organization that advocates freedom of the press
 + 
 +'''Topics''':
 +* [[Accountability software]]
 +* [[Anti-copyright]]
 +* [[Block (Internet)]] – a technical measure intended to restrict access to information or resources
 +* [[Cleanfeed (content blocking system)|Cleanfeed]] – a content blocking system in use in the UK and Canada
 +* [[Computer surveillance]]
 +* [[Content-control software]]
 +* [[Cyber-dissident]]
 +* [[The Digital Imprimatur]] – a 2003 article about Internet censorship and [[Digital Rights Management]] by [[John Walker (programmer)|John Walker]], co-founder of the [[computer-aided design]] software company [[Autodesk]]
 +* [[Digital rights]]
 +* [[For the children (politics)]]
 +* [[Great Firewall of China]]
 +* [[Internet police]]
 +* [[Internet activism]]
 +* [[National Information Network]] of Iran
 +** [[2019 Internet blackout in Iran]]
 +* [[Internet safety]]
 +* Laws and proposed laws:
 +** [[List of Copyright Acts]] by country
 +** [[Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement]] (ACTA) – multinational treaty
 +** [[Communications Decency Act]] – a US law ruled unconstitutional
 +*** [[Black World Wide Web protest]]
 +** [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA) – a US law
 +** [[Copyright law of the European Union]]
 +** [[Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008]] – New Zealand
 +*** [[New Zealand Internet Blackout]]
 +** [[HADOPI law]] – a French law
 +** [[DDL intercettazioni#Paragraph 29|Paragraph 29]] of [[DDL intercettazioni]] – a proposed Italian law
 +*** [[Italian Wikipedia#2011 mass blanking protest|2011 mass blanking protest]] – Italian Wikipedia
 +** SOPA and PIPA, proposed US laws:
 +*** [[PROTECT IP Act|PROTECT Intellectual Property Act]] (PIPA) – a proposed US law
 +*** [[Stop Online Piracy Act]] (SOPA) – a proposed US law
 +*** [[Protests against SOPA and PIPA]]
 +** [[Federal law of Russian Federation no. 139-FZ of 2012-07-28]] – a Russian law
 +** [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (TPP) – a proposed multilateral Free Trade Agreement that includes controversial intellectual property provisions
 +* [[List of content-control software]]
 +* [[Parental controls]]
 +* [[Political repression of cyber-dissidents]]
 +* [[Right to Internet access]]
 +* [[River crab (Internet slang)]]
 +* [[Scientology versus the Internet]]
 +* [[Sociology of the Internet]]
 +* [[Splinternet]]
 +* [[Web filtering]]
 +* [[World Day Against Cyber Censorship]]
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Internet censorship is the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet enacted by regulators, or on their own initiative. Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship for moral, religious, or business reasons, to conform to societal norms, due to intimidation, or out of fear of legal or other consequences.

The extent of Internet censorship varies on a country-to-country basis. While some democratic countries have moderate Internet censorship, other countries go as far as to limit the access of information such as news and suppress discussion among citizens. Internet censorship also occurs in response to or in anticipation of events such as elections, protests, and riots. An example is the increased censorship due to the events of the Arab Spring. Other types of censorship include the use of copyrights, defamation, harassment, and obscene material claims as a way to suppress content.

Support for and opposition to Internet censorship also varies. In a 2012 Internet Society survey 71% of respondents agreed that "censorship should exist in some form on the Internet". In the same survey 83% agreed that "access to the Internet should be considered a basic human right" and 86% agreed that "freedom of expression should be guaranteed on the Internet". Perception of internet censorship in the US is largely based on the First Amendment and the right for expansive free speech and access to content without regard to the consequences. According to GlobalWebIndex, over 400 million people use virtual private networks to circumvent censorship or for increased user privacy.

See also

Organizations and projects:

Topics:


Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Internet censorship" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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