Institutional racism
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| - | '''Institutional racism''' describes any kind of system of inequality based on race. It can occur in institutions such as public government bodies, private business corporations (such as media outlets), and universities (public and private). The term was introduced by [[Black Power]] activists [[Stokely Carmichael]] and [[Charles V. Hamilton]] in the late 1960s. | + | '''Institutional racism''' (also known as '''systemic racism''') is a form of [[racism]] expressed in the practice of social and political institutions. It is reflected in disparities regarding [[wealth]], [[income]], [[criminal justice]], [[employment]], [[housing]], [[health care]], [[political power]] and [[education]], among other factors. |
| - | == See also == | + | The term "institutional racism" was coined and first used in 1967 by [[Stokely Carmichael]] (later known as Kwame Ture) and [[Charles V. Hamilton]] in ''[[Black Power: The Politics of Liberation]]''. Carmichael and Hamilton wrote that while individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its "less overt, far more subtle" nature. Institutional racism "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism]". They gave examples. |
| + | <blockquote>"When white terrorists bomb a black church and kill five black children, that is an act of individual racism, widely deplored by most segments of the society. But when in that same city – [[Birmingham, Alabama]] – five hundred black babies die each year because of the lack of power, food, shelter and medical facilities, and thousands more are destroyed and maimed physically, emotionally and intellectually because of conditions of poverty and discrimination in the black community, that is a function of institutional racism. When a black family moves into a home in a white neighborhood and is stoned, burned or routed out, they are victims of an overt act of individual racism which most people will condemn. But it is institutional racism that keeps black people locked in dilapidated slum tenements, subject to the daily prey of exploitative slumlords, merchants, loan sharks and discriminatory real estate agents. The society either pretends it does not know of this latter situation, or is in fact incapable of doing anything meaningful about it." | ||
| + | </blockquote> | ||
| + | Institutional racism was defined by [[William Macpherson (judge)|Sir William Macpherson]] in the [[Murder of Stephen Lawrence#The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry|1999 Lawrence report (UK)]] as: "The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people." | ||
| - | *[[Race and crime]] | + | == See also == |
| - | *[[Affirmative action]] | + | *[[Bisbee Deportation]] |
| + | *''[[Black Power: The Politics of Liberation]]'' | ||
| + | *[[Environmental racism]] | ||
| + | *[[First world privilege]] | ||
| + | *[[Institutional abuse]] | ||
| + | *[[Institutionalized discrimination]] | ||
| *[[Ketuanan Melayu]] | *[[Ketuanan Melayu]] | ||
| - | *[[State racism]] | + | *[[Legacy preferences]] |
| - | *[[Teaching for social justice]] | + | *[[National Origins Formula]] |
| + | *[[Race and crime]] | ||
| *[[Race and health]] | *[[Race and health]] | ||
| + | *[[Teaching for social justice]] | ||
| + | *''[[Weaver v NATFHE]]'' | ||
| *[[White privilege]] | *[[White privilege]] | ||
| - | *[[Environmental racism]] | ||
| - | *[[Weaver v NATFHE]] | ||
| - | *[[First world privilege]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 18:25, 1 April 2019
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Institutional racism (also known as systemic racism) is a form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions. It is reflected in disparities regarding wealth, income, criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power and education, among other factors.
The term "institutional racism" was coined and first used in 1967 by Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. Carmichael and Hamilton wrote that while individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its "less overt, far more subtle" nature. Institutional racism "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism]". They gave examples.
"When white terrorists bomb a black church and kill five black children, that is an act of individual racism, widely deplored by most segments of the society. But when in that same city – Birmingham, Alabama – five hundred black babies die each year because of the lack of power, food, shelter and medical facilities, and thousands more are destroyed and maimed physically, emotionally and intellectually because of conditions of poverty and discrimination in the black community, that is a function of institutional racism. When a black family moves into a home in a white neighborhood and is stoned, burned or routed out, they are victims of an overt act of individual racism which most people will condemn. But it is institutional racism that keeps black people locked in dilapidated slum tenements, subject to the daily prey of exploitative slumlords, merchants, loan sharks and discriminatory real estate agents. The society either pretends it does not know of this latter situation, or is in fact incapable of doing anything meaningful about it."
Institutional racism was defined by Sir William Macpherson in the 1999 Lawrence report (UK) as: "The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people."
See also
- Bisbee Deportation
- Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
- Environmental racism
- First world privilege
- Institutional abuse
- Institutionalized discrimination
- Ketuanan Melayu
- Legacy preferences
- National Origins Formula
- Race and crime
- Race and health
- Teaching for social justice
- Weaver v NATFHE
- White privilege
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Institutional racism" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
