Industrial warfare
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| - | A '''war economy''' is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern [[State (polity)|state]] to mobilize its [[economy]] for war production. [[Philippe Le Billon]] describes a war economy as a "system of producing, mobilizing and allocating resources to sustain the violence." Some measures taken include the increasing of tax rates as well as the introduction of resource allocation programs. Needless to say, every country approaches the reconfiguration of its economy in a different way. | + | '''Industrial warfare''' is a period in the [[history of warfare]] ranging roughly from the early 19th century and the start of the [[Industrial Revolution]] to the beginning of the [[Atomic Age]], which saw the rise of [[nation-state]]s, capable of creating and equipping large [[army|armies]], [[navy|navies]], and [[air force]]s, through the process of [[industrialization]]. |
| - | Many states increase the degree of [[planned economy|planning]] in their economies during wars; in many cases this extends to [[rationing]], and in some cases to [[conscription]] for civil purposes, such as the [[Women's Land Army]] and [[Bevin Boys]] in the [[United Kingdom]] in [[World War II]]. | + | The era featured [[Levée en masse|mass-conscripted]] armies, rapid transportation (first on [[Rail transport|railroads]], then by [[sealift|sea]] and [[airlift|air]]), [[telegraph]] and [[wireless communication]]s, and the concept of [[total war]]. In terms of technology, this era saw the rise of [[rifled]] [[Breech-loading weapon|breech-loading]] infantry weapons capable of [[Repeating rifle|high rates of fire]], high-velocity breech-loading [[artillery]], [[chemical weapons]], [[armoured warfare]], [[Ironclad warship|metal warships]], [[submarine]]s, and [[aircraft]]. |
| - | Franklin D. Roosevelt said that if the Axis Powers win, then "we would have to convert ourselves permanently into a militaristic power on the basis of war economy." | + | ==See also== |
| + | * [[Mobilization]] | ||
| + | * [[Trench warfare]] | ||
| + | * [[Unconditional surrender]] | ||
| + | * [[World war]] | ||
| - | In what is known as [[total war]], these economies are often seen as targets by many militaries. The [[Union blockade]] during the [[American Civil War]] is regarded as one of the first examples of this. | + | '''Material aspects:''' |
| - | + | * [[Arms race]] | |
| - | Concerning the side of [[aggregate demand]], this concept has been linked to the concept of "[[military Keynesianism]]", in which the government's [[military budget]] stabilizes [[business cycle]]s and fluctuations and/or is used to fight [[recession]]s. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | On the [[supply (economics)|supply]] side, it has been observed that wars sometimes have the effect of accelerating [[technological progress|progress of technology]] to such an extent that an economy is greatly strengthened after the war, especially if it has avoided the war-related destruction. This was the case, for example, with the [[United States]] in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. Some economists (such as [[Seymour Melman]]) argue, however, that the wasteful nature of much of military spending eventually can hurt technological progress. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ==See also== | + | |
| * [[Economic warfare]] | * [[Economic warfare]] | ||
| - | * [[Industrial warfare]] | + | * [[Home front]] |
| - | * [[Military-industrial complex]] | + | * [[Mass production]] |
| * [[Total war]] | * [[Total war]] | ||
| - | * [[War communism]] | + | * [[War economy]] |
| * [[War effort]] | * [[War effort]] | ||
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| + | '''Specific:''' | ||
| + | * [[Cold war]] | ||
| + | * [[Curtis LeMay]] | ||
| + | * [[Technology during World War I]] | ||
| + | * [[Technology during World War II]] | ||
| + | * [[Technological escalation during World War II]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Unrestricted Warfare]]'' (China) | ||
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Industrial warfare is a period in the history of warfare ranging roughly from the early 19th century and the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Atomic Age, which saw the rise of nation-states, capable of creating and equipping large armies, navies, and air forces, through the process of industrialization.
The era featured mass-conscripted armies, rapid transportation (first on railroads, then by sea and air), telegraph and wireless communications, and the concept of total war. In terms of technology, this era saw the rise of rifled breech-loading infantry weapons capable of high rates of fire, high-velocity breech-loading artillery, chemical weapons, armoured warfare, metal warships, submarines, and aircraft.
[edit]
See also
Material aspects:
Specific:
- Cold war
- Curtis LeMay
- Technology during World War I
- Technology during World War II
- Technological escalation during World War II
- Unrestricted Warfare (China)
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