Hyacinth  

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-'''Homoeroticism''' refers to the representation of same-sex love and desire, most especially as it is depicted or manifested in the [[visual arts]] and [[literature]]. It can also be found in performative forms; from theatre to the theatricality of uniformed movements (e.g.: the [[Wandervogel]] and [[Adolf Brand|Gemeinschaft der Eigenen]]). Homoeroticism thus differs from the interpersonal homoerotic; because homoeroticism is a set of artistic and performative traditions, in which such feelings can be embodied in culture and thus expressed into the wider society. 
-==Notable examples in the visual arts==+'''Hyacinth''' is a [[Greek hero|divine hero]] from [[Greek mythology]]. His cult at [[Amyclae]], southwest of Sparta, where his tumulus was located, in classical times at the feet of [[Apollo]]'s statue in the [[Temenos|sanctuary]] that had been built round the burial mound, dates from the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean era]] The literary myths serve to link him to local cults, and to identify him with Apollo, as the god's ''[[eromenos]]'', explaining the cult of ''Apollo Hyakinthos''.
-Such fine art is necessarily [[figurative art|figurative]].+
-===Male-male===+
-Male-male examples, in the visual fine arts, range through history: [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] vase art; [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] wine goblets (''The [[Warren Cup]]''); the Italian [[Renaissance]] (such as [[Agnolo Bronzino]], [[Caravaggio]]), through to the many [[19th Century]] [[history painting]]s of classical characters such as [[Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinth]], [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] and [[Narcissus (mythology)|Narcissus]]; the work of late 19th century artists (such as [[Thomas Eakins]], [[Eugene Jansson]], [[Henry Scott Tuke]] and [[Magnus Enckell]]); through to the modern work of fine artists such as [[Paul Cadmus]] and [[Gilbert & George]]. [[Fine art photography|Fine art photographers]] such as [[David Hockney]], [[Will McBride (photographer)|Will McBride]], [[Robert Mapplethorpe]], [[Pierre et Gilles]], [[Bernard Faucon]], [[Anthony Goicolea]] have also made a strong contribution, Mapplethorpe and McBride being notably in breaking down barriers of gallery censorship and braving legal challenges. [[James Bidgood]] and [[Arthur Tress]] were also very important pioneers in the 1960s, radically moving homoerotic photography away from simple documentary and into areas that were more akin to fine-art surrealism.+
-===Female-female===+
-Female-female examples are most historically noticeable in the narrative arts: the archaic lyrics of [[Sappho]]; ''[[The Songs of Bilitis]]''; novels such as those of [[Christa Winsloe]], [[Colette]], [[Radclyffe Hall]], and [[Jane Rule]], and films such as ''[[Mädchen in Uniform]]''. More recently, lesbian homoeroticism has flowered in photography and the writing of authors such as [[Pat Califia]] and [[Jeanette Winterson]].+
- +
-Female homoerotic art by lesbian artists has often been less culturally prominent than the presentation of lesbian eroticism by non-lesbians and for a primarily non-lesbian audience. In the west, this can be seen as long ago as the 1872 novel ''[[Carmilla]]'', and is also seen in cinema in such popular movies as ''[[Emmanuelle]]'', ''[[The Hunger]]'', ''[[Showgirls]]'', and most of all in [[Lesbianism in erotica|pornography]]. In the east, especially [[Japan]], lesbianism is the subject of the [[manga]] subgenre [[shojo-ai]].+
- +
-In many texts in the English-speaking world, lesbians have been presented as intensely sexual but also predatory and dangerous (the characters are often vampires) and the primacy of heterosexuality is usually re-asserted at the story's end. This shows the difference between homoeroticism as a product of the wider culture and homosexual art produced by gay men and women.+
-==Notable examples in writing==+
-There is also a strong tradition of homoeroticism in [[poetry]]. +
- +
-The male-male erotic tradition contains poems by major poets such as [[Abu Nuwas]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[Federico García Lorca]], [[W.H. Auden]], [[Fernando Pessoa]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]]. +
- +
-[[Elisar von Kupffer]]'s ''Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltlitteratur'' ([[1900]]) and [[Edward Carpenter]]'s ''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/iolaus.html Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship]'' ([[1902]]) were the first known notable attempts at homoerotic anthologies since ''[[Straton of Sardis|The Greek Anthology]]''. Since then, many anthologies have been published. +
- +
-In the female-female tradition, there are poets such as [[Sappho]], "[[Michael Field (pseudonym)|Michael Field]]", and [[Maureen Duffy]]. [[Emily Dickinson]] addressed a number of poems and letters with homoerotic overtones to her sister-in-law Susan Huntington Gilbert. +
- +
-Letters can also be potent conveyors of homoerotic feelings; the letters between [[Virginia Woolf]] and [[Vita Sackville-West]], two well-known members of the [[Bloomsbury Group]], are full of homoerotic overtones characterized by this excerpt from Vita's letter to Virginia: "I am reduced to a thing that wants Virginia [...] It is incredible to me how essential you have become [...] I shan't make you love me anymore by I shan't make you love me any the more by giving myself away like this --But oh my dear, I can't be clever and stand-offish with you: I love you too much for that." (January 21, 1926)+
- +
-==Key introductory books==+
-'''Classical & Medieval literature:'''+
-* Murray & Roscoe. ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature''. (1997).+
-* J.W. Wright. ''Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature'' (1997).+
-* [[Rictor Norton]]. ''The Homosexual Literary Tradition.'' (1974). (Greek, Roman & Elizabethan England).+
- +
-'''Literature after 1850:'''+
-* [[David Leavitt]]. ''Pages Passed from Hand to Hand : The Hidden Tradition of Homosexual Literature in English from 1748 to 1914''. (1998).+
-* Timothy d'Arch Smith. ''Love In Earnest; some notes on the lives and writings of English 'Uranian' poets from 1889 to 1930.'' (1970).+
-* [http://www.mmkaylor.com Michael Matthew Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde'' (2006)], a 500-page scholarly volume that considers the major Victorian writers of Uranian poetry and prose (the author has made this volume available in a free, open-access, PDF version).+
-* Mark Lilly. ''Gay Men's Literature in the Twentieth Century.'' (1993).+
-* Patricia Juliana Smith. ''Lesbian Panic: Homoeroticism in Modern British Women's Fiction.'' (1997).+
-* Gregory Woods. ''Articulate Flesh - male homoeroticism and modern poetry''. (1989). (USA poets).+
-* Vita Sackville-West. Louise De Salvo, Mitchell A. Leaska, editors. ''Vita Sackville-West The Letters of Vita Sackville-West to Virginia Woolf'' (1985) +
-* Virginia Woolf. ''Congenial Spirits: The Selected Letters of Virginia Woolf'' Joanne Trautmann Banks, editor. (Harcourt Brace, 1991)+
- +
-'''Visual Arts:'''+
-* Jonathan Weinberg. ''Male Desire: The Homoerotic in American Art'' (2005).+
-* James M. Saslow. ''Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts''. (1999).+
-* Allen Ellenzweig. ''The Homoerotic Photograph: Male Images, Delacroix to Mapplethorpe.'' (1992). +
-* Thomas Waugh. ''Hard to Imagine: Gay Male Eroticism in Photography and Film from Their Beginnings to Stonewall''. (1996).+
-* Emmanuel Cooper. ''The Sexual Perspective: Homosexuality and Art in the Last 100 Years in the West.'' (1994).+
-* Claude J. Summers (editor). ''The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts''. (2004).+
-* Harmony Hammond. ''Lesbian Art in America: A Contemporary History''. (2000). (Post-1968 only)+
-* Laura Doan. ''Fashioning Sapphism: The Origins of a Modern English Lesbian Culture''. (2001). (Post-WW1 in England)+
-==See also==+
-* [[List of photographers known for portraying males erotically|The erotic male in photography]]+
-* [[Homosocial]]+
-* [[Sex in advertising]]+
-* [[Slash fiction]]+
-* [[Uranian poetry]]+
-* [[Shōnen-ai]]+
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Hyacinth is a divine hero from Greek mythology. His cult at Amyclae, southwest of Sparta, where his tumulus was located, in classical times at the feet of Apollo's statue in the sanctuary that had been built round the burial mound, dates from the Mycenaean era The literary myths serve to link him to local cults, and to identify him with Apollo, as the god's eromenos, explaining the cult of Apollo Hyakinthos.

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