Humour  

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-[[Image:Véritable portrait de Monsieur Ubu, par Alfred Jarry (1896).png|thumb|right|200px|'''''Ubu Roi''''' (King Ubu) is a [[play]] developed by [[Alfred Jarry]] premiered on [[December 10]] [[1896]], and is widely acknowledged as a theatrical [[precursor]] to the [[Theatre of the Absurd|Absurdist]], [[Dada]] and [[Surrealism|Surrealist]] art movements.]]+[[Image:Illustration by Gustave Doré, 1873.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[Gargantua and Pantagruel]]'' by [[François Rabelais]], illustrated by [[Gustave Doré]] in [[1873]]]]
-[[Image:Image:Illustration by Gustave Doré, 1873.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''''Gargantua and Pantagruel''''' by [[Rabelais]], illustrated by [[Doré]]]]+[[Image:Mona Lisa Smoking a Pipe.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[laughter]] series.<br>Illustration: ''[[Mona Lisa Smoking a Pipe]]'' by [[Eugène Bataille]]]]
 +[[Image:The Raven.jpg|thumb|right|200px|
 +Body genre: [[comedy]] and [[humour]]; effect: [[laughter]]
 +<br>Illustration: poster for ''[[The Raven (1963 film)|The Raven]]'', a [[horror-comedy]]]]
 +[[Image:Véritable portrait de Monsieur Ubu, par Alfred Jarry (1896).png|thumb|right|200px|''[[Ubu Roi]]'' (King Ubu) is a [[play]] developed by [[Alfred Jarry]] premiered on [[December 10]] [[1896]], and is widely acknowledged as a theatrical [[precursor]] to the [[Theatre of the Absurd|Absurdist]], [[Dada]] and [[Surrealism|Surrealist]] art movements.]]
 +[[Image:Ship of Fools by Jheronimus Bosch.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[fool|foolishness]] series.<br>
 +Illustration: ''[[Ship of Fools (painting)|Ship of Fools]]'' by [[Hieronymus Bosch]]]]
 +[[Image:The_House_of_Nonsense.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the ''[[nonsense]]'' series.<br>Illustration: [[House of Nonsense]] (1911), one of [[Blackpool]]'s [[funhouse]] [[attraction]]s]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-:''[[amusement]] - [[black comedy]] - [[burlesque]] - [[caricature]] - [[comedy]] - [[funny]] - [[entertainment]] - [[irony]] - [[joke]] - [[laughter]] - [[parody]] - [[ribaldry]] - [[ridicule]] - [[satire]] - [[send-up]] - [[spoof]]'' 
- 
'''Humour''' is the ability or [[quality]] of people, objects, or situations to evoke feelings of [[amusement]] in other people. The term encompasses a form of [[entertainment]] or human [[communication]] which evokes such feelings, or which makes people [[laugh]] or feel [[happiness|happy]]. '''Humour''' is the ability or [[quality]] of people, objects, or situations to evoke feelings of [[amusement]] in other people. The term encompasses a form of [[entertainment]] or human [[communication]] which evokes such feelings, or which makes people [[laugh]] or feel [[happiness|happy]].
Central to this wiki is the notion of [[black humour]]. Central to this wiki is the notion of [[black humour]].
 +==Etymology==
 +The term derives from the [[humorism|humoral medicine]] of the [[ancient Greeks]], which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours ([[Greek language|Greek]]: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23115103 χυμός], ''chymos'', literally [[juice]] or [[sap]]; metaphorically, [[flavour]]) controlled human health and emotion.
 +==A sense of humour==
 +A '''sense of humour''' is the ability to experience humour, although the extent to which an individual will find something humorous depends on a host of [[variable]]s, including [[geographical location]], [[culture]], [[Maturity (psychological)|maturity]], level of [[education]], [[intelligence]], and [[context]]. For example, young children may possibly favour [[slapstick]], such as [[Punch and Judy]] puppet shows or cartoons (e.g., [[Tom and Jerry]]). [[Satire]] may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences.
 +==Understanding humour==
 +Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author [[E.B. White]] once said, "[[Humor can be dissected as a frog can]], but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind."
 +
 +[[Arthur Schopenhauer]] lamented the misuse of the term "humour" (a [[German language|German]] [[loanword]] from [[English language|English]]) to mean any type of [[comedy]]. However, both "humour" and "comic" are often used when theorising about the subject. The connotations of "humour" as opposed to "comic" are said to be that of response versus stimulus. Additionally, "humour" was thought to include a combination of ridiculousness and [[wit]] in an individual; the paradigmatic case being Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. The French were slow to adopt the term "humour"; in French, "humeur" and "humour" are still two different words, the former referring to a person's [[Mood (psychology)|mood]] or to the archaic concept of the four [[Four Temperaments|humours]].
 +
 +Nonsatirical humour can be specifically termed "recreational drollery".
 +
 +===Ancient Greece===
 +:''[[Ancient Greek Comedy]]''
 +Western humour theory begins with [[Plato]], who attributed to [[Socrates]] (as a semihistorical dialogue character) in the ''[[Philebus]]'' (p.&nbsp;49b) the view that the essence of the ridiculous is an ignorance in the weak, who are thus unable to retaliate when ridiculed. Later, in Greek philosophy, [[Aristotle]], in the ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'' (1449a, pp.&nbsp;34–35), suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humour.
 +
 +===India===
 +In ancient [[Sanskrit drama]], [[Bharata Muni]]'s ''[[Natya Shastra]]'' defined humour (''hāsyam'') as one of the nine ''[[nava rasas]]'', or principle ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasas]]'' (emotional responses), which can be inspired in the audience by ''bhavas'', the imitations of emotions that the actors perform. Each ''rasa'' was associated with a specific ''[[bhava]]s'' portrayed on stage. In the case of humour, it was associated with mirth (''hasya'').
 +
 +===Arabia===
 +:''[[Arabian humour]]
 +The terms "[[comedy]]" and "[[satire]]" became synonymous after Aristotle's ''Poetics'' was translated into [[Arabic language|Arabic]] in the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world]], where it was elaborated upon by [[Arabic literature|Arabic writers]] and [[Early Islamic philosophy|Islamic philosophers]] such as Abu Bischr, his pupil [[Al-Farabi]], [[Avicenna]], and [[Averroes]]. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from [[Greek drama]]tic representation, and instead identified it with [[Arabic poetry|Arabic poetic]] themes and forms, such as ''hija'' (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension" and made no reference to light and cheerful events or troublous beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the [[Latin translations of the 12th century]], the term "comedy" thus gained a new semantic meaning in [[Medieval literature]].
 +
 +===Social demographics===
 +As with any form of art, acceptance depends on social demographics and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. Eighteenth-century [[Germany|German]] author [[Georg Lichtenberg]] said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."
 +===Evolution of humour===
 +As with any form of art, the same goes for humour: acceptance depends on social demographics and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. Eighteenth-century [[Germany|German]] author [[Georg Lichtenberg]] said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."
 +
 +Alastair Clarke explains: "The theory is an evolutionary and cognitive explanation of how and why any individual finds anything funny. Effectively, it explains that humour occurs when the brain recognizes a pattern that surprises it, and that recognition of this sort is rewarded with the experience of the humorous response, an element of which is broadcast as laughter." The theory further identifies the importance of pattern recognition in human evolution: "An ability to recognize patterns instantly and unconsciously has proved a fundamental weapon in the cognitive arsenal of human beings. The humorous reward has encouraged the development of such faculties, leading to the unique perceptual and intellectual abilities of our species."
 +
 +
 +==Humour formulae==
 +Humor can be [[verbal]], [[visual humor|visual]], or physical.
 +
 +Root components:
 +*appealing to [[feeling]]s or to [[emotion]]s.
 +*similar to [[reality]], but not real.
 +*some [[surprise]]/[[misdirection]], [[contradiction]], [[ambiguity]], or [[paradox]].
 +
 +Methods:
 +*[[hyperbole]]
 +*[[metaphor]]
 +*[[reductio ad absurdum]] or [[farce]]
 +*[[reframing]]
 +*[[comic timing|timing]]
 +
 +[[Rowan Atkinson]] explains in his lecture in the documentary "''[[Funny Business (TV series)|Funny Business]]''" that an object or a person can become funny in three different ways. They are:
 +*By behaving in an unusual way
 +*By being in an unusual place
 +*By being the wrong size
 +
 +Most [[sight gag]]s fit into one or more of these categories.
 +
 +Humour is also sometimes described as an ingredient in spiritual life. Humour is also the act of being funny. Some synonyms of funny or humour are hilarious, knee-slapping, spiritual, wise-minded, outgoing, and amusing. Some Masters have added it to their teachings in various forms. A famous figure in spiritual humour is the [[laughing Buddha]].
 +
 +==See also==
 +
 +:''[[amusement]] - [[black comedy]] - [[burlesque]] - [[caricature]] - [[comedy]] - [[fool]] - [[funny]] - [[entertainment]] - [[irony]] - [[joke]] - [[laughter]] - [[parody]] - [[ribaldry]] - [[ridicule]] - [[satire]] - [[send-up]] - [[spoof]]''
 +*[[Clown]]s
 +*[[Comedy]] and [[Comedian]]s
 +*[[Comics]]
 +*[[Computational humor|Computational humour]]
 +* [[Deadpan]]
 +* [[Gelotology]], the study of laughing and laughter
 +*[[Humor research]]
 +*[[Internet humor|Internet humour]]
 +*[[Joke]]
 +*[[Laughter]]
 +* [[Laughter in literature]]
 +* [[List of humorists]]
 +*[[List of publications in humor research|List of publications in humour research]]
 +*[[Satire]]
 +**[[Political satire]]
 +*[[Smile]]
 +* [[Surreal humour]]
 +* [[Theories of humor]]
 +* [[Unintentional humor]]
 +===Wit and humor characters===
 +
 +*[[Birbal]]
 +*[[Gopal Bhar]]
 +*[[Hum Jayega]]
 +*[[Gonu Jha]]
 +*[[Mullah Do Piaza]]
 +*[[Tenali Ramakrishna]]
 +
 +*[[Abu Abed]]
 +*[[Hershele Ostropoler]]
 +*[[Hitar Petar]]
 +*[[İncili Çavuş]]
 +*[[Nasreddin]]
 +*[[Till Eulenspiegel]]
 +*[[Onufry Zagłoba]]
 +
 +*[[Jester]]
 +*[[Wise fool]]
 +==Humour and culture==
 +Different cultures have different expectations of humour so comedy shows are not always successful when transplanted into another culture. Two well-known sayings in [[British humour|Britain]] are "Americans don't do [[irony]]" and [[German humour|Germans have no sense of humour]]. Whether these sayings have any validity has been discussed on a [[BBC]] webpage.
== Further reading == == Further reading ==
*''[[Anthology of Black Humor]]'' (1940) - André Breton *''[[Anthology of Black Humor]]'' (1940) - André Breton

Revision as of 15:45, 31 August 2016

This page Humour is part of the laughter series.Illustration: Mona Lisa Smoking a Pipe by Eugène Bataille
Enlarge
This page Humour is part of the laughter series.
Illustration: Mona Lisa Smoking a Pipe by Eugène Bataille
 Body genre: comedy and humour; effect: laughter Illustration: poster for The Raven, a horror-comedy
Enlarge
Body genre: comedy and humour; effect: laughter
Illustration: poster for The Raven, a horror-comedy
Ubu Roi (King Ubu) is a play developed by Alfred Jarry premiered on December 10 1896, and is widely acknowledged as a theatrical precursor to the Absurdist, Dada and Surrealist art movements.
Enlarge
Ubu Roi (King Ubu) is a play developed by Alfred Jarry premiered on December 10 1896, and is widely acknowledged as a theatrical precursor to the Absurdist, Dada and Surrealist art movements.
This page Humour is part of the foolishness series. Illustration: Ship of Fools  by  Hieronymus Bosch
Enlarge
This page Humour is part of the foolishness series.
Illustration: Ship of Fools by Hieronymus Bosch
This page Humour is part of the nonsense series.Illustration: House of Nonsense (1911), one of Blackpool's funhouse attractions
Enlarge
This page Humour is part of the nonsense series.
Illustration: House of Nonsense (1911), one of Blackpool's funhouse attractions

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Humour is the ability or quality of people, objects, or situations to evoke feelings of amusement in other people. The term encompasses a form of entertainment or human communication which evokes such feelings, or which makes people laugh or feel happy.

Central to this wiki is the notion of black humour.

Contents

Etymology

The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours (Greek: χυμός, chymos, literally juice or sap; metaphorically, flavour) controlled human health and emotion.

A sense of humour

A sense of humour is the ability to experience humour, although the extent to which an individual will find something humorous depends on a host of variables, including geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, intelligence, and context. For example, young children may possibly favour slapstick, such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or cartoons (e.g., Tom and Jerry). Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences.

Understanding humour

Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author E.B. White once said, "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind."

Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of the term "humour" (a German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy. However, both "humour" and "comic" are often used when theorising about the subject. The connotations of "humour" as opposed to "comic" are said to be that of response versus stimulus. Additionally, "humour" was thought to include a combination of ridiculousness and wit in an individual; the paradigmatic case being Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. The French were slow to adopt the term "humour"; in French, "humeur" and "humour" are still two different words, the former referring to a person's mood or to the archaic concept of the four humours.

Nonsatirical humour can be specifically termed "recreational drollery".

Ancient Greece

Ancient Greek Comedy

Western humour theory begins with Plato, who attributed to Socrates (as a semihistorical dialogue character) in the Philebus (p. 49b) the view that the essence of the ridiculous is an ignorance in the weak, who are thus unable to retaliate when ridiculed. Later, in Greek philosophy, Aristotle, in the Poetics (1449a, pp. 34–35), suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humour.

India

In ancient Sanskrit drama, Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra defined humour (hāsyam) as one of the nine nava rasas, or principle rasas (emotional responses), which can be inspired in the audience by bhavas, the imitations of emotions that the actors perform. Each rasa was associated with a specific bhavas portrayed on stage. In the case of humour, it was associated with mirth (hasya).

Arabia

Arabian humour

The terms "comedy" and "satire" became synonymous after Aristotle's Poetics was translated into Arabic in the medieval Islamic world, where it was elaborated upon by Arabic writers and Islamic philosophers such as Abu Bischr, his pupil Al-Farabi, Avicenna, and Averroes. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation, and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as hija (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension" and made no reference to light and cheerful events or troublous beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term "comedy" thus gained a new semantic meaning in Medieval literature.

Social demographics

As with any form of art, acceptance depends on social demographics and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. Eighteenth-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."

Evolution of humour

As with any form of art, the same goes for humour: acceptance depends on social demographics and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. Eighteenth-century German author Georg Lichtenberg said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."

Alastair Clarke explains: "The theory is an evolutionary and cognitive explanation of how and why any individual finds anything funny. Effectively, it explains that humour occurs when the brain recognizes a pattern that surprises it, and that recognition of this sort is rewarded with the experience of the humorous response, an element of which is broadcast as laughter." The theory further identifies the importance of pattern recognition in human evolution: "An ability to recognize patterns instantly and unconsciously has proved a fundamental weapon in the cognitive arsenal of human beings. The humorous reward has encouraged the development of such faculties, leading to the unique perceptual and intellectual abilities of our species."


Humour formulae

Humor can be verbal, visual, or physical.

Root components:

Methods:

Rowan Atkinson explains in his lecture in the documentary "Funny Business" that an object or a person can become funny in three different ways. They are:

  • By behaving in an unusual way
  • By being in an unusual place
  • By being the wrong size

Most sight gags fit into one or more of these categories.

Humour is also sometimes described as an ingredient in spiritual life. Humour is also the act of being funny. Some synonyms of funny or humour are hilarious, knee-slapping, spiritual, wise-minded, outgoing, and amusing. Some Masters have added it to their teachings in various forms. A famous figure in spiritual humour is the laughing Buddha.

See also

amusement - black comedy - burlesque - caricature - comedy - fool - funny - entertainment - irony - joke - laughter - parody - ribaldry - ridicule - satire - send-up - spoof

Wit and humor characters

Humour and culture

Different cultures have different expectations of humour so comedy shows are not always successful when transplanted into another culture. Two well-known sayings in Britain are "Americans don't do irony" and Germans have no sense of humour. Whether these sayings have any validity has been discussed on a BBC webpage.

Further reading




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Humour" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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