History of subcultures in the 19th century
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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While counterculture (from Prometheus to Diogenes, from Socrates to Jesus Christ, from Galileo to Che Guevara) can be found in all ages, subcultures -- having the connotation of city culture -- properly start in the 19th century, and more precise in Nineteenth century Paris, as Walter Benjamin, the capital of modernity.
The Industrial Revolution and the Belle Époque bring 19th century Paris the greatest development in its history. From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city also became a have for sexual minorities.
A number of philosophers also suggested alternative models for society: Charles Fourier (1772-1837), Robert Owen (1771-1858), Louis Blanc (1811-1882), Louis-Auguste Blanqui (1805-1881) and Wilhelm Weitling (1808-1871). The background of alternative social thinking stems largely from the history of utopianism.
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