Giclée  

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-'''Canvas''' is an extremely heavy-duty [[plain weave|plain-woven]] [[cloth|fabric]] used for making [[sail]]s, [[tent]]s, [[Tent#Marquees and larger tents|marquees]], [[backpack]]s, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also popularly used by artists as a painting surface, typically stretched across a wooden frame. It is also used in such fashion objects as handbags and shoes. 
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-==Canvas for painting== 
-Canvas has become the most common support medium for [[oil painting]], replacing [[panel painting|wooden panels]]. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French ''Madonna with angels'' from around 1410 in the [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]]. However, panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in [[Italy]] and the 17th century in Northern Europe. [[Andrea Mantegna|Mantegna]] and Venetian artists were among those leading the change; Venetian sail canvas was readily available and regarded as the best quality. 
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-Canvas is typically stretched across a wooden frame called a [[Stretcher bar|stretcher]], and may be coated with [[gesso]] before it is to be used; this is to prevent oil paint from coming into direct contact with the canvas fibres, which will eventually cause the canvas to decay. A traditional and flexible chalk gesso is composed of lead carbonate and linseed oil, applied over a rabbit skin glue ground; a variation using titanium white pigment and calcium carbonate is rather brittle and susceptible to cracking. As [[lead paint|lead-based paint]] is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Various alternative and more flexible canvas primers are commercially available, the most popular being a synthetic latex paint composed of titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate, bound with a thermo-plastic emulsion. Many artists have painted onto unprimed canvas, such as [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Kenneth Noland]], [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]], [[Helen Frankenthaler]], [[Dan Christensen]], [[Larry Zox]], [[Ronnie Landfield]], [[Color Field]] painters, [[Lyrical Abstraction]]ists and others. 
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-Early canvas was made of [[linen]], sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength. [[Linen]] is particularly suitable for the use of [[oil paint]]. In the early 20th century, [[cotton]] canvas, often referred to as "[[cotton duck]]", came into use. Linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with [[oil paint]]. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, offers a more economical alternative. The advent of [[acrylic paint]] has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two entirely different plants, the [[flax]] plant and the [[cotton]] plant. 
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-One of the most outstanding differences between modern painting techniques and those of the [[Flanders|Flemish]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] Masters is in the preparation of the canvas. "Modern" techniques take advantage of both the canvas [[Texture (painting)|texture]] as well as those of the [[paint]] itself. [[Renaissance]] masters took extreme measures to ensure that none of the texture of the canvas came through. This required a painstaking, months-long process of layering the raw canvas with (usually) lead-white paint, then polishing the surface, and then repeating. The final product had little resemblance to fabric, but instead had a glossy, enamel-like finish. This flat surface was crucial in attaining [[Photography|photographic]] realism. 
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-With a properly prepared canvas, the painter will find that each subsequent layer of color glides on in a "buttery" manner, and that with the proper consistency of application ([[fat over lean]] technique), a painting entirely devoid of [[brush]]strokes can be achieved. A warm [[Iron (appliance)|iron]] is applied over a piece of wet cotton to flatten the wrinkles. 
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-Canvas can also be printed on using [[Offset printing|offset]] or specialist digital printers to create [[canvas prints]]. This process of digital inkjet printing is popularly referred to as [[Giclée]]. After printing, the canvas can be wrapped around a [[Stretcher bar|stretcher]] and displayed. 
 +# the use of [[ink-jet]] [[printing]] to manufacture [[artistic]] [[print]]s
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