French Enlightenment  

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 +“Perhaps the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] was a more [[down-to-earth]] affair than the rarefied climate of opinion described by textbook writers, and we should question the overly highbrow, overly metaphysical view of intellectual life in the eighteenth century.” --''[[The Literary Underground of the Old Regime]]'' (1982) by Robert Darnton
 +|}
[[Image:Homme machine (1747) - Julien Offray de La Mettrie.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''[[Man a Machine]]'' ([[1747]]) by [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]] (edition shown [[1750]])]] [[Image:Homme machine (1747) - Julien Offray de La Mettrie.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''[[Man a Machine]]'' ([[1747]]) by [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]] (edition shown [[1750]])]]
[[Image:Traité des trois imposteurs.gif|right|thumb|200px|''[[Traité des trois imposteurs]]'' by [[Anonymity in publishing|anonymous]] (date unknown, edition shown [[1777]])]] [[Image:Traité des trois imposteurs.gif|right|thumb|200px|''[[Traité des trois imposteurs]]'' by [[Anonymity in publishing|anonymous]] (date unknown, edition shown [[1777]])]]
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{{Template}} {{Template}}
In France, Enlightenment was based in the [[Salon (gathering)|salons]] and culminated in the great ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' (1751–72) edited by [[Denis Diderot]] (1713–1784) with contributions by hundreds of leading [[philosophes]]<!-- "philosophes" is correct --> (intellectuals) such as [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] (1712–1778) and [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]] (1689–1755). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume set were sold, half of them outside France. In France, Enlightenment was based in the [[Salon (gathering)|salons]] and culminated in the great ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' (1751–72) edited by [[Denis Diderot]] (1713–1784) with contributions by hundreds of leading [[philosophes]]<!-- "philosophes" is correct --> (intellectuals) such as [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778), [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] (1712–1778) and [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]] (1689–1755). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume set were sold, half of them outside France.
 +==Precursors: Pierre Bayle==
 +:''[[Pierre Bayle]]''
 +Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) published the newsletter "[[Nouvelles de la république des lettres]]" and his powerful ''[[Dictionnaire historique et critique]]''. He was one of the earliest influences on the Enlightenment thinkers to advocate tolerance between the different religious beliefs.
== ''Encyclopédie'' == == ''Encyclopédie'' ==
- +:''[[Encyclopédie]]''
The French ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' was a quintessential summary of thought and belief of the Enlightenment. It tried to destroy superstitions and provide access to human knowledge. In ancien régime France it caused a storm of controversy, however. This was mostly due to its religious tolerance (though this should not be exaggerated; the article on "Atheism" defended the state's right to persecute and to execute atheists). The encyclopedia praised Protestant thinkers and challenged Catholic dogma. The entire work was banned; but because it had many highly placed supporters, work continued and each volume was delivered clandestinely to subscribers. The French ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' was a quintessential summary of thought and belief of the Enlightenment. It tried to destroy superstitions and provide access to human knowledge. In ancien régime France it caused a storm of controversy, however. This was mostly due to its religious tolerance (though this should not be exaggerated; the article on "Atheism" defended the state's right to persecute and to execute atheists). The encyclopedia praised Protestant thinkers and challenged Catholic dogma. The entire work was banned; but because it had many highly placed supporters, work continued and each volume was delivered clandestinely to subscribers.
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:''[[French libertine]]'' :''[[French libertine]]''
During the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], many of the French free-thinkers began to exploit pornography as a medium of [[social criticism]] and [[satire]]. [[Libertine]] pornography such as ''[[Thérèse Philosophe]]'' (1748) was a [[subversive]] social commentary and often targeted the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] and general attitudes of [[sexual repression]]. The market for the mass-produced, inexpensive pamphlets soon came to the bourgeoisie, making the [[upper class]] worry, as in [[England]], that the morals of the lower class and weak-minded would be corrupted since women, slaves and the uneducated were seen as especially vulnerable during that time. The stories and illustrations (sold in the galleries of the [[Palais Royal]], along with services of prostitutes) were often [[anti-clerical]] and full of misbehaving priests, monks and nuns, a tradition that in [[French pornography]] continued into the 20th century. In the period leading up to the [[French Revolution]], pornography was also used as political commentary; [[Marie Antoinette]] was often targeted with fantasies involving [[orgies]], [[lesbian]] activities and the paternity of her children, and rumors circulated about the supposed [[sexual inadequacies]] of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]]. During the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], many of the French free-thinkers began to exploit pornography as a medium of [[social criticism]] and [[satire]]. [[Libertine]] pornography such as ''[[Thérèse Philosophe]]'' (1748) was a [[subversive]] social commentary and often targeted the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] and general attitudes of [[sexual repression]]. The market for the mass-produced, inexpensive pamphlets soon came to the bourgeoisie, making the [[upper class]] worry, as in [[England]], that the morals of the lower class and weak-minded would be corrupted since women, slaves and the uneducated were seen as especially vulnerable during that time. The stories and illustrations (sold in the galleries of the [[Palais Royal]], along with services of prostitutes) were often [[anti-clerical]] and full of misbehaving priests, monks and nuns, a tradition that in [[French pornography]] continued into the 20th century. In the period leading up to the [[French Revolution]], pornography was also used as political commentary; [[Marie Antoinette]] was often targeted with fantasies involving [[orgies]], [[lesbian]] activities and the paternity of her children, and rumors circulated about the supposed [[sexual inadequacies]] of [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]].
 +
 +== D'Holbach's Coterie ==
 +:''[[D'Holbach's Coterie]]''
 +D'Holbach's Coterie (''la [[coterie]] holbachique'' was the phrase coined by [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]) was a group of radical [[French Enlightenment]] thinkers who met regularly at the ''salon'' of the atheist ''[[philosophe]]'' [[Baron d'Holbach]] in the years approximately 1750–1780. An enormously wealthy man, the Baron used his wealth to maintain one of the more notable and lavish Parisian salons, which soon became an important meeting place for the contributors to the ''[[Encyclopédie]]''. Meetings were held regularly twice a week, on Sundays and Thursdays, in d'Holbach's home in rue Royale, butte Saint-Roche. Visitors to the salon were exclusively males, and the tone of discussion [[high-brow]], extending to topics more extensive and often more radical and subversive than those of other salons. This, along with the excellent food, expensive wine, and a [[library]] of over 3000 volumes, attracted many notable visitors. Among the regulars in attendance at the salon were the following: [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]], [[Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm|Grimm]], [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac|Condillac]], [[Marquis de Condorcet|Condorcet]], [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|D'Alembert]] [[Jean-François Marmontel|Marmontel]], [[Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune|Turgot]], [[Charles Marie de La Condamine|La Condamine]], [[Guillaume Thomas François Raynal|Raynal]] [[Helvétius]], [[Ferdinando Galiani|Galiani]], [[André Morellet|Morellet]], [[Jacques-André Naigeon|Naigeon]] and, for a time, [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]. The salon was also well-frequented by British intellectuals, amongst them [[Adam Smith]], [[David Hume]], [[John Wilkes]], [[Horace Walpole]] and [[Edward Gibbon]].
 +
 +== Materialism ==
 +
 +:''[[French materialism]]''
 +
 +French materialism is the name given to a handful of [[French 18th century]] philosophers during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], many of them clustered around the [[Salon (gathering)|salon]] of [[Baron d'Holbach]]. Although there are important differences between them, all of them were [[Materialism|materialists]] who believed that the world was made up of a single substance, matter, the motions and properties of which could be used to explain all phenomena.
 +
 +== Philosophes ==
 +
 +:''[[Philosophes]]''
 +The ''philosophes'' (French for ''[[philosopher]]s'') were the intellectuals of the 18th century [[The Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues. They had a critical eye and looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement. They promoted a "[[Republic of Letters|republic of letters]]" that crossed national boundaries and allowed intellectuals to freely exchange books and ideas. Most philosophes were men, but some were women.
 +
 +They strongly endorsed [[Idea of Progress|progress]] and tolerance, and distrusted organized religion (most were [[Deism|deists]]) and feudal institutions. They faded away after the [[French Revolution]] reached a violent stage in 1793.
 +
==See also== ==See also==
*[[D'Holbach's Coterie]] *[[D'Holbach's Coterie]]
*[[18th century French literature]] *[[18th century French literature]]
*[[18th century French philosophy]] *[[18th century French philosophy]]
-*[[Enlightenment]], [[philosophes]]+*[[Enlightenment]]
 +*[[Philosophes]]
*[[French Revolution]] *[[French Revolution]]
*[[French Materialism]] *[[French Materialism]]

Current revision

“Perhaps the Enlightenment was a more down-to-earth affair than the rarefied climate of opinion described by textbook writers, and we should question the overly highbrow, overly metaphysical view of intellectual life in the eighteenth century.” --The Literary Underground of the Old Regime (1982) by Robert Darnton

Traité des trois imposteurs by anonymous (date unknown, edition shown 1777)
Enlarge
Traité des trois imposteurs by anonymous (date unknown, edition shown 1777)
Thérèse Philosophe (1748) was the bestseller of the French Enlightenment
Enlarge
Thérèse Philosophe (1748) was the bestseller of the French Enlightenment

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In France, Enlightenment was based in the salons and culminated in the great Encyclopédie (1751–72) edited by Denis Diderot (1713–1784) with contributions by hundreds of leading philosophes (intellectuals) such as Voltaire (1694–1778), Rousseau (1712–1778) and Montesquieu (1689–1755). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume set were sold, half of them outside France.

Contents

Precursors: Pierre Bayle

Pierre Bayle

Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) published the newsletter "Nouvelles de la république des lettres" and his powerful Dictionnaire historique et critique. He was one of the earliest influences on the Enlightenment thinkers to advocate tolerance between the different religious beliefs.

Encyclopédie

Encyclopédie

The French Encyclopédie was a quintessential summary of thought and belief of the Enlightenment. It tried to destroy superstitions and provide access to human knowledge. In ancien régime France it caused a storm of controversy, however. This was mostly due to its religious tolerance (though this should not be exaggerated; the article on "Atheism" defended the state's right to persecute and to execute atheists). The encyclopedia praised Protestant thinkers and challenged Catholic dogma. The entire work was banned; but because it had many highly placed supporters, work continued and each volume was delivered clandestinely to subscribers.

Libertine freethinkers

French libertine

During the Enlightenment, many of the French free-thinkers began to exploit pornography as a medium of social criticism and satire. Libertine pornography such as Thérèse Philosophe (1748) was a subversive social commentary and often targeted the Catholic Church and general attitudes of sexual repression. The market for the mass-produced, inexpensive pamphlets soon came to the bourgeoisie, making the upper class worry, as in England, that the morals of the lower class and weak-minded would be corrupted since women, slaves and the uneducated were seen as especially vulnerable during that time. The stories and illustrations (sold in the galleries of the Palais Royal, along with services of prostitutes) were often anti-clerical and full of misbehaving priests, monks and nuns, a tradition that in French pornography continued into the 20th century. In the period leading up to the French Revolution, pornography was also used as political commentary; Marie Antoinette was often targeted with fantasies involving orgies, lesbian activities and the paternity of her children, and rumors circulated about the supposed sexual inadequacies of Louis XVI.

D'Holbach's Coterie

D'Holbach's Coterie

D'Holbach's Coterie (la coterie holbachique was the phrase coined by Jean-Jacques Rousseau) was a group of radical French Enlightenment thinkers who met regularly at the salon of the atheist philosophe Baron d'Holbach in the years approximately 1750–1780. An enormously wealthy man, the Baron used his wealth to maintain one of the more notable and lavish Parisian salons, which soon became an important meeting place for the contributors to the Encyclopédie. Meetings were held regularly twice a week, on Sundays and Thursdays, in d'Holbach's home in rue Royale, butte Saint-Roche. Visitors to the salon were exclusively males, and the tone of discussion high-brow, extending to topics more extensive and often more radical and subversive than those of other salons. This, along with the excellent food, expensive wine, and a library of over 3000 volumes, attracted many notable visitors. Among the regulars in attendance at the salon were the following: Diderot, Grimm, Condillac, Condorcet, D'Alembert Marmontel, Turgot, La Condamine, Raynal Helvétius, Galiani, Morellet, Naigeon and, for a time, Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The salon was also well-frequented by British intellectuals, amongst them Adam Smith, David Hume, John Wilkes, Horace Walpole and Edward Gibbon.

Materialism

French materialism

French materialism is the name given to a handful of French 18th century philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment, many of them clustered around the salon of Baron d'Holbach. Although there are important differences between them, all of them were materialists who believed that the world was made up of a single substance, matter, the motions and properties of which could be used to explain all phenomena.

Philosophes

Philosophes

The philosophes (French for philosophers) were the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues. They had a critical eye and looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement. They promoted a "republic of letters" that crossed national boundaries and allowed intellectuals to freely exchange books and ideas. Most philosophes were men, but some were women.

They strongly endorsed progress and tolerance, and distrusted organized religion (most were deists) and feudal institutions. They faded away after the French Revolution reached a violent stage in 1793.

See also




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