Freedom of speech
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| - | '''Freedom of speech''' is the concept of being able to speak freely without [[censorship]]. It is often regarded as an integral concept in modern [[liberal democracy|liberal democracies]]. The right to freedom of speech is guaranteed under international law through numerous human rights instruments, notably under Article 19 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and Article 10 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], although implementation remains lacking in many countries. The synonymous term '''freedom of expression''' is sometimes preferred, since the right is not confined to verbal speech but is understood to protect any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. | ||
| - | In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country, although the degree of freedom varies greatly. Industrialized countries also have varying approaches to balance freedom with order. For instance, the [[United States]] [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] theoretically grants absolute freedom, placing the burden upon the state to demonstrate when (if) a limitation of this freedom is necessary. In almost all [[liberal democracy|liberal democracies]], it is generally recognized that restrictions should be the exception and free expression the rule; nevertheless, compliance with this principle is often lacking. | + | '''Freedom of speech''' is the political right to communicate one's opinions and ideas using one's body and property to anyone who is willing to receive them. The term '''freedom of expression''' is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, as with [[libel]], [[slander]], [[obscenity]], [[sedition]] (including, for example inciting ethnic hatred), [[copyright violation]], revelation of information that is classified or otherwise. |
| - | == Origins and academic freedom == | + | |
| - | Freedom of speech and expression has a long history that predates modern [[international human rights instruments]]. [[ancient Athens|Ancient Athenians]] believed that the power of persuasion is the most enduring force in a culture, one that must not and can not be stifled. It is thought that [[Athenian democracy|ancient Athens]]’ democratic ideology of free speech emerged in the later 6th or early 7th Century BC. Two of the most cherished values of the [[Roman Republic]] were freedom of religion and freedom of speech. In [[Islamic ethics]] freedom of speech was first declared in the [[Rashidun]] period by the [[caliph]] [[Umar]] in the [[7th century]]. In the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] period, freedom of speech was also declared by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph [[al-Ma'mun]]) in a letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to [[Religious conversion|convert]] through [[reason]]. According to George Makdisi and Hugh Goddard, "the idea of [[academic freedom]]" in [[University|universities]] was "modelled on Islamic custom" as practiced in the medieval [[Madrasah]] system from the 9th century. Islamic influence was "certainly discernible in the foundation of the first deliberately-planned university" in Europe, the [[University of Naples Federico II]] founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]] in 1224. | + | |
| - | The modern concept of freedom of speech emerged gradually during the [[European Enlightenment]]. The England’s [[Bill of Rights 1689]] granted 'freedom of speech in Parliament'. The [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]], which issued from the [[French Revolution]] of 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right. In 1791, freedom of speech was included in the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. | + | == See also == |
| + | * [[Academic freedom]] | ||
| + | * [[Digital rights]] | ||
| + | * [[Forbidden number]] | ||
| + | * [[Freedom of speech by country]] | ||
| + | * [[Freedom of thought]] | ||
| + | * [[Global Network Initiative]] | ||
| + | * [[Hate speech]] | ||
| + | * [[Heckler's veto]] | ||
| + | * [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]] | ||
| + | * [[Laws against Holocaust denial]] | ||
| + | * [[List of censored T-shirts]] | ||
| + | * [[Market for loyalties theory]] | ||
| + | * [[Media transparency]] | ||
| + | * [[Political correctness]] | ||
| + | * [[Right to pornography]] | ||
| + | * [[Speech code]] | ||
| + | * [[Symbolic speech]] | ||
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Revision as of 10:49, 17 August 2013
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Freedom of speech is the political right to communicate one's opinions and ideas using one's body and property to anyone who is willing to receive them. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, as with libel, slander, obscenity, sedition (including, for example inciting ethnic hatred), copyright violation, revelation of information that is classified or otherwise.
See also
- Academic freedom
- Digital rights
- Forbidden number
- Freedom of speech by country
- Freedom of thought
- Global Network Initiative
- Hate speech
- Heckler's veto
- Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
- Laws against Holocaust denial
- List of censored T-shirts
- Market for loyalties theory
- Media transparency
- Political correctness
- Right to pornography
- Speech code
- Symbolic speech
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Freedom of speech" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
