Francis II of France
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| - | In [[France]], [[Francis I of France|King Francis I]] imported [[Italian art]], commissioned Italian artists (including [[Leonardo da Vinci]]), and built grand palaces at great expense, beginning the [[French Renaissance]]. Writers such as [[Rabelais]] and [[Pierre de Ronsard]] also borrowed from the spirit of the Italian Renaissance. From France, the spirit of the age spread to the [[Low Countries]] and to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Scandinavia]] in the [[German Renaissance]], and finally to [[Early Modern Britain|Britain]] by the late 16th century. | ||
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| - | The [[French Renaissance]] is roughly the period from [[Charles VIII of France]] through [[Henri IV of France]] and is said to begin with the French invasion of Italy in 1494. The reigns of [[Francis I of France|François I]] (from 1515 to 1547) and his son [[Henry II of France|Henri II]] (from 1547 to 1559) are generally considered the apex of the French Renaissance. After Henri II's unfortunate death in a joust, the country was ruled by his widow [[Catherine de Medici]] and her sons [[Francis II of France|François II]], [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] and [[Henry III of France|Henri III]], and although the Renaissance continued to flourish, the [[French Wars of Religion]] between [[huguenots]] and [[catholics]] ravished the country. | ||
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| - | In the late 15th century, the French [[Italian Wars|invasion of Italy]] and the proximity of the vibrant [[Burgundy]] court (with its Flemish connections) brought the French into contact with the goods, paintings, and the creative spirit of the Northern and [[Italian Renaissance]], and the initial artistic changes in France were often carried out by Italian and Flemish artists [[Jean Clouet]] (and his son [[François Clouet]]) and the Italians [[Rosso Fiorentino]], [[Primaticcio]] and [[Niccolò dell'Abbate]] of the (so-called) first [[School of Fontainebleau]] (from 1531). [[Leonardo da Vinci]] was also invited to France by François I, but other than the paintings which he brought with him, he produced little for the French king. | ||
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| - | The art of the period from François I through Henri IV is often heavily inspired by late Italian pictorial and sculptural developments commonly referred to as [[Mannerism]] (associated with [[Michelangelo]] and [[Parmigianino]], among others), characterized by figures which are elongated and graceful and a reliance on visual [[rhetoric]], including the elaborate use of allegory and mythology. | ||
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| - | There are a number of French artists of incredible talent in this period including the painter [[Jean Fouquet]] of Tours (who achieved amazingly realistic portraits and remarkable illuminated manuscripts) and the sculptors [[Jean Goujon]] and [[Germain Pilon]]. | ||
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| - | Perhaps the greatest accomplishment of the French Renaissance was the construction of the [[Châteaux of the Loire Valley]]: no longer conceived of as fortresses, these pleasure palaces took advantage of the richness of the rivers and lands of the Loire region and they show remarkable architectural skill. | ||
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| - | The old [[Louvre]] castle in Paris was also rebuilt under the direction of Pierre Lescot and would become the core of a brand new Renaissance [[château]]. To the west of the Louvre, [[Catherine de Medici]] had built for her the [[Tuileries]] palace with extensive gardens and a [[grotto]]. | ||
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| - | The [[French Wars of Religion]] however dragged the country into thirty years of civil war which eclipsed much artistic production outside of religious and political propaganda. | ||
| + | '''Francis II''' (19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560, [[List of Scottish consorts|King-consort of Scotland]] (1558–1560), and [[King of France]] (1559 – 1560), was born at the [[Chateau Fontainebleau|Royal Chateau at Fontainebleau]], the son of [[Henry II of France|Henry II, King of France]] (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) and [[Catherine de' Medici]] (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589). | ||
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Francis II (19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560, King-consort of Scotland (1558–1560), and King of France (1559 – 1560), was born at the Royal Chateau at Fontainebleau, the son of Henry II, King of France (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) and Catherine de' Medici (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589).
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