Ethical dilemma  

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:''[[Sophie's choice]], [[killing a mandarin]]'' :''[[Sophie's choice]], [[killing a mandarin]]''
 +An '''ethical dilemma''' is a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between [[moral imperative]]s, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another.
 +Sometimes called ethical paradoxes in [[moral philosophy]], ethical dilemmas are often invoked in an attempt to refute an [[ethical]] system or [[moral code]], or to improve it so as to resolve the paradox.
-An '''ethical dilemma''' is a situation that will often involve an apparent conflict between [[moral imperative]]s, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another. +== Responses to the arguments ==
 +These arguments can be refuted in various ways, for example by showing that the claimed ethical dilemma is only apparent and does not really exist (thus is not a [[paradox]] logically), or that the solution to the ethical dilemma involves choosing the greater good and lesser evil (as discussed in [[value theory]]), or that the whole [[Framing (social sciences)|framing]] of the problem omits creative alternatives (such as [[peacemaking]]), or (more recently) that [[situational ethics]] or [[situated ethics]] must apply because the case cannot be removed from context and still be understood. ''See also [[case-based reasoning]] on this process.'' An alternative to situational ethics is [[graded absolutism]].
-This is also called an '''ethical paradox''' since in [[moral philosophy]], paradox plays a central role in ethics debates. For instance, an ethical admonition to "love thy neighbour" is not always just in contrast with, but sometimes in contradiction to an armed neighbour actively trying to kill you: if he or she succeeds, you will not be able to love him or her. But to preemptively attack them or restrain them is not usually understood as loving. This is one of the classic examples of an [[ethical decision]] clashing or conflicting with an organismic decision, one that would be made only from the perspective of animal survival: an animal is thought to act only in its immediate perceived bodily self-interests when faced with [[bodily harm]], and to have limited ability to perceive alternatives - ''see [[fight or flight]].''+Perhaps the most commonly cited ethical conflict is that between an imperative or injunction not to steal and one to care for a family that you cannot afford to feed without stolen money. Debates on this often revolve around the availability of alternate means of income or support such as a [[social safety net]], [[charitable organization|charity]], etc. The debate is in its starkest form when framed as stealing food. Under an ethical system in which stealing is always wrong and letting one's family die from starvation is always wrong, a person in such a situation would be forced to commit one wrong to avoid committing another, and be in constant conflict with those whose view of the acts varied.
-However, human beings have complex social relationships that can't be ignored: If one has an [[ethical relationship]] with the neighbour trying to kill you, then, usually, their desire to kill you would likely be the result of [[mental illness]] on their part, stories told to them by others, e.g. their daughter claims you raped her. Such conflicts might be settled by some other path that has strong social support. Societies formed [[criminal justice]] systems (some argue also [[ethical tradition]]s and [[religion]]s) to defuse just such deep conflicts. Such systems always impose trained judges who are presumed to have an ethical relationship and also a clear obligation to all who come before them.+However, there are no legitimate ethical systems in which stealing is more wrong than letting one's family die. Ethical systems do in fact allow for, and sometimes outline, tradeoffs or priorities in decisions. Some have suggested that [[international law]] requires this kind of mechanism to resolve whether [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) or [[Kyoto Protocol]] takes precedence in deciding whether a WTO notification is valid. That is, whether nations may use trade mechanisms to complain about [[climate change]] measures.
-==Examples of Ethical dilemma==+ 
 +As there are few economies that can operate smoothly in a chaotic climate, the dilemma would seem to be easy to resolve, but since fallacious justifications for restricting trade are easily imagined, just as fallacious justifications for theft are easily imagined at the family level, the seemingly obvious resolution becomes clouded by the suspicion of an illegitimate motive. Resolving ethical dilemmas is rarely simple or clearcut and very often involves revisiting similar dilemmas that recur within societies:
 + 
 +According to some philosophers and sociologists, e.g. [[Karl Marx]], it is the different life experience of people and the different exposure of them and their families in these roles (the rich constantly robbing the poor, the poor in a position of constant begging and subordination) that creates [[social class]] differences. In other words, ethical dilemmas can become political and economic factions that engage in long term recurring struggles. See [[conflict theory]] and [[left-wing politics]] versus [[right-wing politics]].
 + 
 +Design of a [[voting system]], other [[electoral reform]], a [[criminal justice]] system, or other high-stakes [[adversarial process]] for [[dispute resolution]] will almost always reflect the deep persistent struggles involved. However, no amount of good intent and hard work can undo a bad role structure:
 + 
 +=== Roles within structures ===
 +Where a [[social conflict theory|structural conflict]] is involved, dilemmas will very often recur. A trivial example is working with a bad [[operating system]] whose error messages do not match the problems the user perceives. Each such error presents the user with a dilemma: [[boot drive|reboot]] the machine and continue working at one's employment or spend time trying to reproduce the problem for the benefit of the developer of the operating system.
 +
 +So role structure sabotages feedback and results in sub-optimal results since provision has been made to actually reward people for reporting these errors and problems.
 + 
 +See [[total quality management]] for more on addressing this type of failure and [[governance]] on how many ethical and structural conflicts can be resolved with appropriate supervisory mechanisms.
 + 
 +== Examples ==
* [[Abortion debate]] * [[Abortion debate]]
* [[Graded absolutism]] * [[Graded absolutism]]
-* [[Trolley problem]] 
-* [[Violinist (thought experiment)]] 
-* [[Plank of Carneades]] 
-* [[The survival lottery]] 
-* [[Principle of double effect]] 
* [[Samaritan's dilemma]] * [[Samaritan's dilemma]]
 +* [[Trolley problem]]
 +* [[Suicide]]
 +* [[Marriage]]
 +* [[Euthanasia]]
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Sophie's choice, killing a mandarin

An ethical dilemma is a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another. Sometimes called ethical paradoxes in moral philosophy, ethical dilemmas are often invoked in an attempt to refute an ethical system or moral code, or to improve it so as to resolve the paradox.

Responses to the arguments

These arguments can be refuted in various ways, for example by showing that the claimed ethical dilemma is only apparent and does not really exist (thus is not a paradox logically), or that the solution to the ethical dilemma involves choosing the greater good and lesser evil (as discussed in value theory), or that the whole framing of the problem omits creative alternatives (such as peacemaking), or (more recently) that situational ethics or situated ethics must apply because the case cannot be removed from context and still be understood. See also case-based reasoning on this process. An alternative to situational ethics is graded absolutism.

Perhaps the most commonly cited ethical conflict is that between an imperative or injunction not to steal and one to care for a family that you cannot afford to feed without stolen money. Debates on this often revolve around the availability of alternate means of income or support such as a social safety net, charity, etc. The debate is in its starkest form when framed as stealing food. Under an ethical system in which stealing is always wrong and letting one's family die from starvation is always wrong, a person in such a situation would be forced to commit one wrong to avoid committing another, and be in constant conflict with those whose view of the acts varied.

However, there are no legitimate ethical systems in which stealing is more wrong than letting one's family die. Ethical systems do in fact allow for, and sometimes outline, tradeoffs or priorities in decisions. Some have suggested that international law requires this kind of mechanism to resolve whether World Trade Organization (WTO) or Kyoto Protocol takes precedence in deciding whether a WTO notification is valid. That is, whether nations may use trade mechanisms to complain about climate change measures.

As there are few economies that can operate smoothly in a chaotic climate, the dilemma would seem to be easy to resolve, but since fallacious justifications for restricting trade are easily imagined, just as fallacious justifications for theft are easily imagined at the family level, the seemingly obvious resolution becomes clouded by the suspicion of an illegitimate motive. Resolving ethical dilemmas is rarely simple or clearcut and very often involves revisiting similar dilemmas that recur within societies:

According to some philosophers and sociologists, e.g. Karl Marx, it is the different life experience of people and the different exposure of them and their families in these roles (the rich constantly robbing the poor, the poor in a position of constant begging and subordination) that creates social class differences. In other words, ethical dilemmas can become political and economic factions that engage in long term recurring struggles. See conflict theory and left-wing politics versus right-wing politics.

Design of a voting system, other electoral reform, a criminal justice system, or other high-stakes adversarial process for dispute resolution will almost always reflect the deep persistent struggles involved. However, no amount of good intent and hard work can undo a bad role structure:

Roles within structures

Where a structural conflict is involved, dilemmas will very often recur. A trivial example is working with a bad operating system whose error messages do not match the problems the user perceives. Each such error presents the user with a dilemma: reboot the machine and continue working at one's employment or spend time trying to reproduce the problem for the benefit of the developer of the operating system.

So role structure sabotages feedback and results in sub-optimal results since provision has been made to actually reward people for reporting these errors and problems.

See total quality management for more on addressing this type of failure and governance on how many ethical and structural conflicts can be resolved with appropriate supervisory mechanisms.

Examples





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