English Civil War
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| - | The '''English Civil War''' (1642-1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] and [[Cavalier|Royalists]]. The [[First English Civil War|first]] (1642–1646) and [[Second English Civil War|second]] (1648–1649) [[civil war]]s pitted the supporters of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] against the supporters of the [[Long Parliament]], while the [[Third English Civil War|third war]] (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] and supporters of the [[Rump Parliament]]. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the [[Battle of Worcester]] on [[3 September]] [[1651]]. | + | The '''English Civil War''' (1642–1651) was a series of [[civil wars]] and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("[[Roundhead]]s") and Royalists ("[[Cavalier]]s"), mainly over the manner of [[Kingdom of England|England]]'s governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]. The [[First English Civil War|first]] (1642–1646) and [[Second English Civil War|second]] (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] against the supporters of the [[Long Parliament]], while the [[Third English Civil War|third]] (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] and supporters of the [[Rump Parliament]]. The wars also involved the [[Covenanters|Scottish Covenanters]] and [[Confederate Ireland|Irish Confederates]]. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the [[Battle of Worcester]] on 3 September 1651. |
| - | The Civil War led to the trial and [[execution of Charles I]], the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of [[English monarchy]] with first, the [[Commonwealth of England]] (1649–1653), and then with a [[The Protectorate|Protectorate]] (1653–1659), under [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s personal rule. The monopoly of the [[Church of England]] on Christian worship in [[England]] ended with the victors consolidating the established [[Protestant Ascendancy]] in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although this concept was established only with the [[Glorious Revolution]] later in the century. | + | Unlike other [[list of English civil wars|civil wars in England]], which were mainly fought over who should rule, these conflicts were also concerned with how the three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland should be governed. The outcome was threefold: [[High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I|the trial]] and the [[execution of Charles I]] (1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of [[English monarchy]] with the [[Commonwealth of England]], which from 1653 (as the [[The Protectorate|Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland]]) unified the [[British Isles]] under the personal rule of [[Oliver Cromwell]] (1653–1658) and briefly his son [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]] (1658–1659). In England, the monopoly of the [[Church of England]] on Christian worship was ended, and in Ireland, the victors consolidated the established [[Protestant Ascendancy]]. Constitutionally, the outcome of the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without [[Parliament of England|Parliament]]'s consent, though the idea of Parliamentary sovereignty was legally established only as part of the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688. |
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The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers"), mainly over the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedom. It was part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The first (1642–1646) and second (1648–1649) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The wars also involved the Scottish Covenanters and Irish Confederates. The war ended with Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
Unlike other civil wars in England, which were mainly fought over who should rule, these conflicts were also concerned with how the three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland should be governed. The outcome was threefold: the trial and the execution of Charles I (1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England, which from 1653 (as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland) unified the British Isles under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658) and briefly his son Richard (1658–1659). In England, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship was ended, and in Ireland, the victors consolidated the established Protestant Ascendancy. Constitutionally, the outcome of the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, though the idea of Parliamentary sovereignty was legally established only as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
