Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
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| - | Although he never used the terms himself, the [[triad]] '''thesis, antithesis, synthesis''' is often used to describe the thought of [[Germany|German]] [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. | + | The '''''Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences''''' (in German: ''Enzyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse'') (1817) is a systematic work by [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] in which an abbreviated version of his earlier ''[[Science of Logic]]'' was followed by the articulation of the ''Philosophy of Nature'' and the ''Philosophy of Spirit'' (also translated as ''Philosophy of Mind''). The work describes the pattern of the Idea as manifesting itself in [[dialectic]]al reasoning. |
| - | The triad is usually described in the following way: | + | While some believe that the philosophy of nature and mind are applications of the logic, this is a misunderstanding. The purpose of the Encyclopedia is descriptive: to describe how Geist (Spirit or Mind) develops itself and not to apply the dialectical method to all areas of [[epistemology|human knowledge]], but Spirit is in process of growing, like a seed growing into a mature tree: it passes through stages. The first stage of Spirit's development is described in the Logic. Thus the Logic presents the categories of thought as they are in themselves; they are the minimal conditions for thinking anything at all, the conceptions that run in the background of all our thinking. These logical categories turn out to be none other than Geist itself. In order to get at what a thing ''is'', we must think about it. No amount of observing will bring us to the essence of things. Thinking and being are equivalent, and so logic and metaphysics are equivalent as well. The underlying element of it all is Geist; thus the activity of thinking is no less than Geist articulating itself. (This is how Hegel could say that logic is the thought of the mind of God before creation.) |
| - | *The thesis is an intellectual proposition. | + | |
| - | *The [[antithesis]] is simply the negation of the thesis, a reaction to the proposition. | + | |
| - | *The synthesis solves the conflict between the thesis and antithesis by reconciling their common truths, and forming a new proposition. | + | |
| - | According to Walter Kaufman, although the triad is often thought to form part of an [[analysis]] of historical and philosophical progress called the Hegelian [[dialectic]], the assumption is erroneous. Hegel used this classification only once, and he attributed the terminology to [[Immanuel Kant]]. The terminology was largely developed earlier by the neo-Kantian [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], also an advocate of the philosophy identified as [[German idealism]]. | + | As Geist works itself out more fully, it reaches the point where it simply cannot remain as it is; it is incomplete, and therefore it "others" itself; this is where the philosophy of nature emerges. When this stage of its development is completed, Geist "returns" to itself, which is the emergence of the philosophy of mind. |
| - | The triad is often said to have been extended and adopted by [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], however, Marx referred to them in ''[[The Poverty of Philosophy]]'' as speaking Greek and "Wooden trichotomies". | + | English translations of all three parts are available from [[Oxford University Press]], with each part bound as a separate book. |
| - | + | ||
| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | * [[Truth]] | + | |
| - | * [[The Phenomenology of Spirit]] | + | |
| - | * [[Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences]] - the first volume may be the most helpful to someone trying to grasp Hegel's thinking | + | |
| - | * [[Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus]] | + | |
| + | ==Bibliography== | ||
| + | *''The Encyclopaedia Logic: Part 1 of the Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences'', trans. T. F. Geraets, W. A. Suchting, and H. S. Harris, (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1991). | ||
| + | *''Philosophy of Nature (Part Two of the Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences)'', trans. Michael John Petry, 3 vols, (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970). | ||
| + | *''Hegel's Philosophy of Mind: Being Part Three of the Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences'', trans. William Wallace, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971). | ||
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The Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (in German: Enzyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse) (1817) is a systematic work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in which an abbreviated version of his earlier Science of Logic was followed by the articulation of the Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of Spirit (also translated as Philosophy of Mind). The work describes the pattern of the Idea as manifesting itself in dialectical reasoning.
While some believe that the philosophy of nature and mind are applications of the logic, this is a misunderstanding. The purpose of the Encyclopedia is descriptive: to describe how Geist (Spirit or Mind) develops itself and not to apply the dialectical method to all areas of human knowledge, but Spirit is in process of growing, like a seed growing into a mature tree: it passes through stages. The first stage of Spirit's development is described in the Logic. Thus the Logic presents the categories of thought as they are in themselves; they are the minimal conditions for thinking anything at all, the conceptions that run in the background of all our thinking. These logical categories turn out to be none other than Geist itself. In order to get at what a thing is, we must think about it. No amount of observing will bring us to the essence of things. Thinking and being are equivalent, and so logic and metaphysics are equivalent as well. The underlying element of it all is Geist; thus the activity of thinking is no less than Geist articulating itself. (This is how Hegel could say that logic is the thought of the mind of God before creation.)
As Geist works itself out more fully, it reaches the point where it simply cannot remain as it is; it is incomplete, and therefore it "others" itself; this is where the philosophy of nature emerges. When this stage of its development is completed, Geist "returns" to itself, which is the emergence of the philosophy of mind.
English translations of all three parts are available from Oxford University Press, with each part bound as a separate book.
Bibliography
- The Encyclopaedia Logic: Part 1 of the Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences, trans. T. F. Geraets, W. A. Suchting, and H. S. Harris, (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1991).
- Philosophy of Nature (Part Two of the Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences), trans. Michael John Petry, 3 vols, (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970).
- Hegel's Philosophy of Mind: Being Part Three of the Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences, trans. William Wallace, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).
