Election
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| - | The colour of the [[Fumata nera and fumata bianca|smoke signals]] the results to the people assembled in St Peter's Square. Dark smoke signals (fumata nera) indicate that the ballot did not result in an election, while white smoke signals (fumata bianca) announce that a new pope was chosen. Originally, in the event a pope isn't elected, damp straw was added to the fire to create dark smoke; since 1963 coloring chemicals have been added. In the event a new pope is elected, the ballots are burned alone, creating white smoke. Beginning in 2005 bells ring after a successful election to augment the white smoke, and especially if the white smoke is not unambiguously white.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/pope/choosing/html/rituals.stm 3 - Voting rituals], from the BBC series "Choosing a Pope"</ref> Prior to 1945 (the year Pius XII changed the form of ballot to use anonymous oaths, first carried out in 1958), when the ballots were of the more complex type illustrated above, the sealing wax which was used in those ballots had an effect in making the smoke from burning the ballots either black or white, depending on whether damp straw was added or not. This explains the confusion over the color of the smoke in the [[Papal conclave, August 1978|conclave of 1978]], caused by the lack of sealing wax in the paper ballots burned with or without damp straw (depending on whether an election had taken place or not). During the 2013 conclave the Vatican disclosed the chemicals used to colour the smoke: [[potassium chlorate]], [[Lactose|milk sugar]] and [[Rosin|pine rosin]] for the white smoke, and [[potassium perchlorate]], [[anthracene]] and [[sulphur]] for the black.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fountain|first=Henry|title=Conclave Smoke’s Recipe Is a Mystery|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/12/world/europe/recipe-for-conclaves-black-and-white-smoke-remains-mystery.html?ref=europe|accessdate=13 March 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=11 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fountain|first=Henry|title=Vatican Reveals Recipes for Conclave Smoke|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/science/vatican-reveals-recipes-for-conclave-smoke.html?ref=europe|accessdate=13 March 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=12 March 2013}}</ref> | + | *[[Issue voting]] |
| + | *[[Elections by country]] | ||
| + | *[[Ballot access]] | ||
| + | *[[Demarchy]]—"Democracy without Elections" | ||
| + | *[[Electoral calendar]] | ||
| + | *[[Election law]] | ||
| + | *[[Election litter]] | ||
| + | *[[Fenno's paradox]] | ||
| + | *[[Full slate]] | ||
| + | *[[Garrat Elections]] | ||
| + | *[[Gerontocracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Meritocracy]] | ||
| + | *[[Multi-party system]] | ||
| + | *[[Nomination rules]] | ||
| + | *[[Pluralism (political philosophy)]] | ||
| + | *[[Political science]] | ||
| + | *[[Polling station]] | ||
| + | *[[Slate (elections)|Slate]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[[Two-party system]] | ||
| + | *[[Voter turnout]] | ||
| + | *[[Voting system]] | ||
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Revision as of 08:31, 15 March 2013
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Related e |
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Featured: |
- Issue voting
- Elections by country
- Ballot access
- Demarchy—"Democracy without Elections"
- Electoral calendar
- Election law
- Election litter
- Fenno's paradox
- Full slate
- Garrat Elections
- Gerontocracy
- Meritocracy
- Multi-party system
- Nomination rules
- Pluralism (political philosophy)
- Political science
- Polling station
- Slate
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Election" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
