Dissident  

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-[[Image:Les Poires.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The [[anti-royalist]] cartoon ''[[Les Poires]]'' by [[Daumier]] after [[Philipon]].]]+[[Image:Les Poires.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The [[anti-royalist]] cartoon ''[[Les Poires]]'' by [[Daumier]] after [[Philipon]].]]
 +{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" |
 +"It is well known that in the [[Soviet Union]] today large numbers of [[dissenter]]s are being declared insane."--incipit of ''[[Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents]]'' (1974)
 +|}
 +[[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[politics]] series.<br><small>Illustration:''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1831, detail) by [[Eugène Delacroix]].</small>]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-A '''dissident''', broadly defined, is a person who actively [[oppose]]s an [[established]] opinion, policy, or structure. The term can be used to refer to a number of types of dissidents, including political, social, and militant dissidents.+A '''dissident''', broadly defined, is a person who actively [[challenge]]s an established [[doctrine]], [[policy]], or [[institution]]. In a religious context, the word has been used since 18th century, and in the political sense since 1940, coinciding with the rise of [[totalitarian]] systems, especially the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].
 +==Etymology==
 +From Latin ''dissidēns, dissidentis'', present participle of ''dissidēre'' (“to sit apart; to disagree”), from ''[[dis-]]'' (“asunder, apart, in two”) + ''[[sedēre]]'' (“to sit”).
-==Political dissidents==+==Eastern bloc dissidents==
-The term is most often used to refer to '''political dissidents''', usually against [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] regimes or established constitutional order (although there are rare uses of the phrase ''philosophical dissident''. Political dissidents use non-violent means of [[political dissent]], including voicing criticism of the [[government]] or dominating ideology, or protesting individual actions by the authorities.+The term ''dissident'' was used in the [[Eastern bloc]], particularly in the [[Soviet Union]], in the period following [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death until the [[fall of communism]]. It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of the Communist Party. The people who used to write and distribute non-censored, non-conformist ''[[samizdat]]'' literature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with the Soviet Bloc began to self-identify as dissidents. This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society. An important element of dissident activity in the USSR was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights: see [[Chronicle of Current Events]] and [[Moscow Helsinki Group]]. Some famous Soviet dissidents were [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] and [[Andrei Sakharov]].
 +==Dissidents from the Middle East==
-The term was introduced to describe intellectual opposition to non-capitalist regimes, conducted without plans or capability for a [[regime change]], [[coup]], or [[uprising]]. Dissidents may sometimes attempt to passively displace or overthrow the established government by achieving popular support and sparking a [[revolution]] or [[rebellion]]. In [[totalitarian]] regimes these dissidents are often punished with lengthy prison sentences, [[Execution (legal)|execution]], or economic deprivation.+[[Jamal Khashoggi]] was a Saudi-American dissident and journalist. He was murdered inside a Turkish embassy by Saudi Arabian authorities.
-==Soviet dissidents==+Various other Human rights activists from Saudi Arabia have been either silenced or punished. This also happens if the individual is outside the country. Deportation is used if they are not Saudis.
-Term '''dissident''' was used in [[Soviet Union|the Soviet Union]] during the period of 1965-1985, including [[Brezhnev stagnation]], for citizens who criticized +Other countries such as [[Iran]], the [[United Arab Emirates]] and others have also punished many people.
-the dictature of the Communist party. The people who used to write, tear and who distributed non-censored non-conformist litetature [[samizdat]]+'''Political dissent''' refers to any expression designed to convey dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body. Such expression may take forms from vocal disagreement to [[civil disobedience]] to the use of [[violence]]. In most democratic countries, non-violent demonstration and disagreement with the government are regarded as fundamental human rights.
-were criticized in the newspapers. It was common to criticize an author in newspapers without publishing any of his works. Then, many people+
-accepted the term '''dissident''' with respect to themselves. This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of criminal, who opposes the society, the term got meaning of +
-non-conformist, who insists on the officially published laws, including the international agreements, signed by the Soviet government Important part of activity of dissidents was informing the society+
-(Both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights;+
-see [[Chronicle of Current Events (samizdat)]] and [[Moscow Helsinki Group]].+
-See the special article about [[Soviet dissidents]].+
-==Social dissidents==+Historically, [[Political repression|repressive]] governments have sought to punish political dissent. The protection of freedoms that facilitate peaceful dissent has become a hallmark of [[liberal democracies]] and [[Open society|open societies]]. Repression of political dissent is considered as an attempt to stifle public discourse about government lies, corruption, or ineptitude.
-'''Social dissidents''' openly oppose dominant social attitudes. In western [[democracy|democratic]] societies political and social dissidents are widely claimed to be free from government pressure, but there have been notable instances of persecution, such as during the [[Palmer Raids]].+
-Among them there are scientists, academicians and politicians like [[Timothy Leary]], [[Michael Gazzaniga]], [[Ann Druyan]], [[Carl Sagan]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Lester Grinspoon]], [[Jocelyn Elders]], and both [[David D. Friedman]] and his father, [[Milton Friedman]].+== Techniques ==
-===Drug war dissidents===+* [[Protest]]s, [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]], [[peace walk|peace march]], protest march
-'''Drugs dissidents''' advocate for less punishment under the current [[Prohibition]] and may include opposers to the prohibition itself. (see [[Legalization]]) These people could be and have been prosecuted in many countries for the sole expression of their point of view, under the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1988.+* [[Boycott]]s, [[sit-in]]s, [[riot]]s, organizing committees, [[grassroots]] organizing
 +* [[Strike action|Strike]], [[general strike]], street action
 +* [[Bumper sticker]]s, flyers, political [[poster]]s
 +* [[Street theater]], political puppets
 +* Burning an [[effigy]]
 +* [[Self-immolation]] (setting self on fire)
 +* [[Revolution]], [[Revolt]], [[Rebellion]], [[Terrorism]], [[Insurrection]], popular uprising
 +* [[Samizdat]]
 +* [[Propaganda]], counter-propaganda, [[slogan]]s, sloganeering, [[meme]]
 +* [[Lobbying]]
-===AIDS dissidents===+== See also ==
-[[AIDS dissidents]] are people who question the connection between HIV and AIDS. + 
-==See also==+* [[List of political dissidents]]
-*[[Opposition (politics)]]+* [[Opposition (politics)]]
-*[[Counterculture]]+* [[Election threshold]]
-*[[Subversion]]+* [[Tor (anonymity network)]]
 +* [[Freenet]]
 +*[[Heresy]]
 +* [[Sluggish schizophrenia]]
 +*[[English Dissenters]]
 +*[[Soviet dissidents]]
 +*[[Dissident republican]]
 +* [[List of political dissidents]]
 +* [[List of Chinese dissidents]]
 +* [[List of Singaporean dissidents]]
 +* [[Cuban dissident movement]]
 +* [[Dissent]]
 +* [[Ideocracy]]
*[[Opposition]] *[[Opposition]]
-*[[Rebellion]]+* [[Political dissent]]
 +* [[Speaking truth to power]]
 + 
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Current revision

The anti-royalist cartoon Les Poires by Daumier after Philipon.

"It is well known that in the Soviet Union today large numbers of dissenters are being declared insane."--incipit of Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents (1974)

This page Dissident is part of the politics series.Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.
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This page Dissident is part of the politics series.
Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.

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A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since 18th century, and in the political sense since 1940, coinciding with the rise of totalitarian systems, especially the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and Saudi Arabia.

Contents

Etymology

From Latin dissidēns, dissidentis, present participle of dissidēre (“to sit apart; to disagree”), from dis- (“asunder, apart, in two”) + sedēre (“to sit”).

Eastern bloc dissidents

The term dissident was used in the Eastern bloc, particularly in the Soviet Union, in the period following Joseph Stalin's death until the fall of communism. It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of the Communist Party. The people who used to write and distribute non-censored, non-conformist samizdat literature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with the Soviet Bloc began to self-identify as dissidents. This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society. An important element of dissident activity in the USSR was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights: see Chronicle of Current Events and Moscow Helsinki Group. Some famous Soviet dissidents were Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov.

Dissidents from the Middle East

Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi-American dissident and journalist. He was murdered inside a Turkish embassy by Saudi Arabian authorities.

Various other Human rights activists from Saudi Arabia have been either silenced or punished. This also happens if the individual is outside the country. Deportation is used if they are not Saudis.

Other countries such as Iran, the United Arab Emirates and others have also punished many people. Political dissent refers to any expression designed to convey dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body. Such expression may take forms from vocal disagreement to civil disobedience to the use of violence. In most democratic countries, non-violent demonstration and disagreement with the government are regarded as fundamental human rights.

Historically, repressive governments have sought to punish political dissent. The protection of freedoms that facilitate peaceful dissent has become a hallmark of liberal democracies and open societies. Repression of political dissent is considered as an attempt to stifle public discourse about government lies, corruption, or ineptitude.

Techniques

See also




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