Dissident  

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"Although the driving force of [[Surrealism]] came from [[André Breton]], there were [[dissident]]s who voiced their views in the periodical ''[[Documents]]'' beginning in April 1929. Writers [[Georges Bataille]] and [[Michel Leiris]] emerged as the main contributors. ''Documents'' was a direct challenge to "mainstream" Surrealism as championed by André Breton, who in his [[Second Surrealist Manifesto]] of 1929 derided Bataille as "(professing) to wish only to consider in the world that which is vilest, most discouraging, and most corrupted." After ''Documents'' folded a new group was formed: ''[[Acéphale]]''. The antagony between Breton and Bataille have even led some to speak of "Bretonian" and "Bataillean" strains of Surrealism." --Sholem Stein "Although the driving force of [[Surrealism]] came from [[André Breton]], there were [[dissident]]s who voiced their views in the periodical ''[[Documents]]'' beginning in April 1929. Writers [[Georges Bataille]] and [[Michel Leiris]] emerged as the main contributors. ''Documents'' was a direct challenge to "mainstream" Surrealism as championed by André Breton, who in his [[Second Surrealist Manifesto]] of 1929 derided Bataille as "(professing) to wish only to consider in the world that which is vilest, most discouraging, and most corrupted." After ''Documents'' folded a new group was formed: ''[[Acéphale]]''. The antagony between Breton and Bataille have even led some to speak of "Bretonian" and "Bataillean" strains of Surrealism." --Sholem Stein
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-[[Image:Les Poires.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The [[anti-royalist]] cartoon ''[[Les Poires]]'' by [[Daumier]] after [[Philipon]].]]+[[Image:Les Poires.jpg|200px|thumb|left|The [[anti-royalist]] cartoon ''[[Les Poires]]'' by [[Daumier]] after [[Philipon]].]]
 +[[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[politics]] series.<br><small>Illustration:''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1831, detail) by [[Eugène Delacroix]].</small>]]
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A '''dissident''', broadly defined, is a person who actively [[challenge]]s an established [[doctrine]], [[policy]], or [[institution]]. In a religious context, the word has been used since 18th century, and in the political sense since 1940, coinciding with the rise of [[totalitarian]] systems, especially the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. A '''dissident''', broadly defined, is a person who actively [[challenge]]s an established [[doctrine]], [[policy]], or [[institution]]. In a religious context, the word has been used since 18th century, and in the political sense since 1940, coinciding with the rise of [[totalitarian]] systems, especially the [[Soviet Union]], [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].

Revision as of 10:44, 7 November 2019

"Although the driving force of Surrealism came from André Breton, there were dissidents who voiced their views in the periodical Documents beginning in April 1929. Writers Georges Bataille and Michel Leiris emerged as the main contributors. Documents was a direct challenge to "mainstream" Surrealism as championed by André Breton, who in his Second Surrealist Manifesto of 1929 derided Bataille as "(professing) to wish only to consider in the world that which is vilest, most discouraging, and most corrupted." After Documents folded a new group was formed: Acéphale. The antagony between Breton and Bataille have even led some to speak of "Bretonian" and "Bataillean" strains of Surrealism." --Sholem Stein

The anti-royalist cartoon Les Poires by Daumier after Philipon.
This page Dissident is part of the politics series.Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.
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This page Dissident is part of the politics series.
Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.

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A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since 18th century, and in the political sense since 1940, coinciding with the rise of totalitarian systems, especially the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany and Saudi Arabia.

Contents

Etymology

From Latin dissidēns, dissidentis, present participle of dissidēre (“to sit apart; to disagree”), from dis- (“asunder, apart, in two”) + sedēre (“to sit”).

Eastern bloc dissidents

The term dissident was used in the Eastern bloc, particularly in the Soviet Union, in the period following Joseph Stalin's death until the fall of communism. It was attached to citizens who criticized the practices or the authority of the Communist Party. The people who used to write and distribute non-censored, non-conformist samizdat literature were criticized in the official newspapers. Soon, many of those who were dissatisfied with the Soviet Bloc began to self-identify as dissidents. This radically changed the meaning of the term: instead of being used in reference to an individual who opposes society, it came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society. An important element of dissident activity in the USSR was informing society (both inside the Soviet Union and in foreign countries) about violation of laws and human rights: see Chronicle of Current Events and Moscow Helsinki Group. Some famous Soviet dissidents were Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov.

Dissidents from the Middle East

Jamal Khashoggi was a Saudi-American dissident and journalist. He was murdered inside a Turkish embassy by Saudi Arabian authorities.

Various other Human rights activists from Saudi Arabia have been either silenced or punished. This also happens if the individual is outside the country. Deportation is used if they are not Saudis.

Other countries such as Iran, the United Arab Emirates and others have also punished many people. Political dissent refers to any expression designed to convey dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body. Such expression may take forms from vocal disagreement to civil disobedience to the use of violence. In most democratic countries, non-violent demonstration and disagreement with the government are regarded as fundamental human rights.

Historically, repressive governments have sought to punish political dissent. The protection of freedoms that facilitate peaceful dissent has become a hallmark of liberal democracies and open societies. Repression of political dissent is considered as an attempt to stifle public discourse about government lies, corruption, or ineptitude.

Techniques

See also




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