Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
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| - | '''The Decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]]''' ([[Battle of Navarino|20 October 1827]] – [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|24 July 1908]]) is the period that followed after the [[Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Battle of Vienna|11/12 September 1683]] – [[Battle of Navarino|20 October 1827]]) in which the empire experienced several economic and political setbacks. Directly affecting the Empire at this time was Russian imperialism. The political rhetoric was dominated with the economic problems and national uprisings. The Empire tried to catch up to the western world by passing political and administrative reformations. The decline period was followed by the [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|24 July 1908]] – [[Armistice of Mudros|30 October 1918]]). | + | Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the [[Ottoman Empire]] faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. In response to foreign threats, the empire initiated a period of tremendous internal reform which came to be known as the [[Tanzimat]], which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state, despite the empire's precarious international position. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized, exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era. The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the [[Nizam-ı Cedid]] (New Order) during the reign of Sultan [[Selim III]] (r. 1789-1807) and was punctuated by several reform decrees, such as the [[Edict of Gülhane|Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane]] in 1839 and the [[Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856|Hatt-ı Hümayun]] in 1856. At the end of this period, marked with 1908, to a degree the [[Ottoman Modern Army|Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized]] according to the model of Western European Armies. The period was followed by [[defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922)]]. |
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[Eastern Question]] | + | *[[Ottoman Decline Thesis]] |
| - | *[[History of modern Egypt#British occupation|British Occupation in 1882]] | + | *[[Reform attempts in the Ottoman Empire]] |
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Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. In response to foreign threats, the empire initiated a period of tremendous internal reform which came to be known as the Tanzimat, which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state, despite the empire's precarious international position. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized, exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era. The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) during the reign of Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) and was punctuated by several reform decrees, such as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt-ı Hümayun in 1856. At the end of this period, marked with 1908, to a degree the Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized according to the model of Western European Armies. The period was followed by defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922).
See also
