December 24  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
- 
-* [[563]] - The Byzantine church [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Constantinople]] is inaugurated for the second time after being destroyed by earthquakes. 
-* [[640]] - [[Pope John IV|John IV]] becomes [[Pope]]. 
-*[[1294]] - [[Pope Boniface VIII]] is elected [[Pope]], replacing [[Pope Celestine V|St. Celestine V]], who had [[Papal abdication|abdicated]]. 
-*[[1515]] - [[Thomas Wolsey]] is named the English [[Lord Chancellor]]. 
-*[[1777]] - [[Kiritimati]], also called Christmas Island, was discovered by [[James Cook]]. 
-*[[1800]] - Assassination attempt on [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s life. 
-*[[1814]] - The [[Treaty of Ghent]] was signed which ended the [[War of 1812]]. 
-*[[1818]] - "[[Silent Night (song)|Silent Night]]" composed by [[Franz Gruber|Franz Xaver Gruber]] and [[Josef Mohr]]. 
-*[[1851]] - [[Library of Congress]] burns. 
-*[[1865]] - Several US Civil War [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] veterans form the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. 
-*[[1888]] - [[Vincent Van Gogh]] cuts off his ear during some sort of [[seizure]]. 
*[[1906]] - [[Radio]]: [[Reginald Fessenden]] transmitted the first radio broadcast. The first program, consisted of a poetry reading, a violin solo, and a speech. *[[1906]] - [[Radio]]: [[Reginald Fessenden]] transmitted the first radio broadcast. The first program, consisted of a poetry reading, a violin solo, and a speech.
-*[[1914]] - [[World War I]]: The "[[Christmas truce]]" begins. 
-*[[1924]] - [[Albania]] becomes a republic. 
-*[[1929]] - Assassination attempt of Argentine President [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]]. 
-*[[1939]] - [[World War II]]: [[Pope Pius XII]] makes a Christmas Eve appeal for peace.  
-*[[1941]] - World War II: [[Hong Kong]] falls to the [[Japanese Imperial Army]].  
-* 1941 - World War II: [[Kuching]] is conquered by Japanese forces.  
-*[[1942]] - World War II: French monarchist, [[Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle]], assassinates [[Vichy]] French Admiral [[François Darlan]] in [[Algiers]]  
-*[[1943]] - World War II: U.S. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] becomes the [[Supreme Allied Commander]]. 
-*[[1946]] - [[France]]'s [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] founded. 
-*[[1951]] - [[Libya]] becomes independent from [[Italy]]. [[Idris I of Libya|Idris I]] is proclaimed King of Libya. 
-*[[1953]] - [[Tangiwai disaster]]: A railway bridge collapse at [[Tangiwai]], [[New Zealand]] sends a fully loaded passenger train into the [[Whangaehu River]], killing 153 people. 
-* 1953 - [[NBC]]'s ''[[Dragnet (drama)|Dragnet]]'' becomes the first network-sponsored [[television]] program. 
-*[[1954]] - [[Laos]] becomes independent. 
-*[[1966]] - A [[Canadair]] [[CL-44]] chartered by the [[United States military]] crashes into a small village in [[South Vietnam]], killing 129. 
-*[[1968]] - The crew of the [[USS Pueblo (AGER-2)|USS ''Pueblo'']] is released by [[North Korea]] after being held for 11 months on suspicion of [[espionage|spying]]. 
-* 1968 - [[Apollo Program]]: The crew of [[Apollo 8|''Apollo 8'']] enter into orbit around the Moon, becoming the first humans to do so. They performed 10 lunar orbits and broadcast live TV pictures that became the famous [[Apollo 8 Genesis Reading|Christmas Eve Broadcast]], one of the most watched programs in history. 
-*[[1974]] - [[Cyclone Tracy]] devastates [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]].  
-*[[1979]] - The [[Soviet Union]] [[Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan|invades]] [[Afghanistan]] to support the country's Marxist government. 
-* 1979 - The first European [[Ariane (rocket)|Ariane]] rocket is launched. 
-*[[1987]] - [[Japan]]ese legendary [[rock band]] [[BOØWY]] declares their breakup at the [[Shibuya]] Kokaido. 
-*[[1997]] - The [[Sid El-Antri massacre]] (or Sidi Lamri) in [[Algeria]] kills 50-100 people. 
-* 1997 - The [[Dominican Republic]] becomes a member of the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] [[copyright]] [[treaty]]. 
-*[[2000]] - The [[Texas 7]] holds up a sports store in [[Irving, Texas]]. Police officer [[Aubrey Hawkins]] is shot during the robbery. 
-*[[2002]] - The [[New Delhi Metro]] opens.  
-*[[2003]] - The [[Spain|Spanish]] police thwart an attempt by [[ETA]] to detonate 50 kg of [[explosive]]s at 3:55 p.m. inside [[Madrid]]'s busy [[Chamartín Station]]. 
==Births== ==Births==
-<!--+*[[1491]] - [[Ignatius of Loyola]], founder of the Jesuits (d. [[1556]])
-Do not add people without Wikipedia articles to this list+
-Do not trust “this year in history” websites for accurate date information+
-Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence.+
--->+
-*[[1166]] - King [[John of England]] (d. [[1216]])+
-*[[1389]] - [[John VI, Duke of Brittany]] (d. [[1442]])+
-*[[1475]] - [[Thomas Murner]], German writer (d.c. [[1537]])+
-*[[1491]] - [[Ignatius Loyola|Ignatius of Loyola]], Spanish founder of the Jesuit order (d. [[1556]])+
-*[[1508]] - [[Pietro Carnesecchi]], Italian humanist (d. [[1567]])+
-*[[1588]] - [[Constance of Austria]], queen of Poland (d. [[1631]])+
-*[[1609]] - [[Philip Warwick]], English writer and politician (d. [[1683]])+
-*[[1635]] - [[Mariana of Austria]], second wife of king Philip IV of Spain (d. [[1696]])+
-*[[1698]] - [[William Warburton]], English Bishop of Gloucester (d. [[1779]])+
-*[[1724]] - [[Johann Conrad Ammann]], Swiss physician and naturalist (d. [[1811]])+
-*[[1745]] - [[Benjamin Rush]], a Founding Father of the United States (d. [[1813]])+
-*[[1754]] - [[George Crabbe]], English poet and naturalist (d. [[1832]])+
-*[[1761]] - [[Jean-Louis Pons]], French astronomer (d. [[1831]])+
-*[[1798]] - [[Adam Mickiewicz]], Polish poet (d. [[1855]])+
-*[[1809]] - [[Kit Carson]], American frontiersman (d. [[1868]])+
-*[[1812]] - [[Karl Eduard Zachariae]], German jurist (d. [[1894]])+
-*[[1818]] - [[James Prescott Joule]], British physicist (d. [[1889]])+
*[[1822]] - [[Matthew Arnold]], English poet (d. [[1888]]) *[[1822]] - [[Matthew Arnold]], English poet (d. [[1888]])
-*[[1837]] - [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]] a.k.a [[Sissi]], Empress of Austria (d. [[1898]])+*[[1891]] - [[Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky]], Russian emigré illustrator (d. [[1970]])
-*[[1843]] - [[Lydia Koidula]], Estonian poet (d. [[1886]])+*[[1903]] - [[Joseph Cornell]], American artist (''Rose Hobart'') (d. [[1972]])
-*[[1845]] - King [[George I of Greece]] (d. [[1913]])+
-*[[1867]] - [[Kantaro Suzuki]], 42nd [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1948]]) +
-*[[1868]] - [[Emanuel Lasker]], German chess player (d. [[1941]])+
-*[[1879]] - [[Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Queen Alexandrine of Denmark]], Queen Consort to [[Christian X of Denmark|Christian X]] (d. [[1952]])+
-* 1879 - [[Émile Nelligan]], Quebec poet (d. [[1941]])+
-*[[1880]] - [[Johnny Gruelle]], American cartoonist, children's book writer and creator of [[Raggedy Ann]] (d. [[1939]])+
-*[[1881]] - [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], Spanish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])+
-*[[1886]] - [[Michael Curtiz]], Hungarian-born director (d. [[1962]])+
-*[[1887]] - [[Louis Jouvet]], French actor and producer (d. [[1951]]) +
-*[[1893]] - [[Harry Warren]], American composer and lyricist ([[Chattanooga Choo Choo]] - [[I Only Have Eyes for You]]) (d. [[1981]])+
-*[[1894]] - [[Georges Guynemer]], French aviator (d. [[1917]])+
-*[[1895]] - [[E. Roland Harriman]], American financier (d. [[1978]])+
-*[[1898]] - [[Héctor Scarone]], Uruguayan footballer (d. [[1967]])+
-* 1898 - [[Baby Dodds]], American jazz drummer (d. [[1959]])+
-*[[1900]] - [[Joey Smallwood]], Canadian politician, Premier of Newfoundland (d. [[1991]])+
*[[1905]] - [[Howard Hughes]], American film producer and inventor (d. [[1976]]) *[[1905]] - [[Howard Hughes]], American film producer and inventor (d. [[1976]])
-*[[1906]] - [[Franz Waxman]], German film composer (d. [[1967]])+*[[1906]] - [[James Hadley Chase]], British author (d. [[1985]])
-*[[1910]] - [[Fritz Leiber]], American writer (d. [[1992]])+*[[1906]] - [[Wolfgang Kayser]], German literary theorist (The Grotesque in Art and Literature). (d. [[1960]])
-*[[1914]] - [[Ralph Marterie]], American trumpet player and big band leader (d. [[1978]])+*[[1913]] - [[Ad Reinhardt]], American artist (''Abstract Painting No. 5'') (d. [[1967]])
-* 1914 - [[Herbert Reinecker]], German writer+*[[1922]] - [[Ava Gardner]], American actress (d. 1990)
-*[[1917]] - [[Kim Jong-suk]], Wife of Kim Il-sung, mother of Kim Jung-Il, "The Heroine of the Anti-Japanese Revolution" (d. [[1949]])+*[[1923]] - [[David F. Friedman]], American filmmaker (d. 2011)
-*[[1920]] - [[Evgeniya Rudneva]], Russian World War II heroine (d. [[1944]])+*[[1931]] - [[Mauricio Kagel]], Argentine composer (d. 2008)
-*[[1922]] - [[Ava Gardner]], American actress (d. [[1990]])+*[[1931]] - [[Walter Abish]], American author
-*[[1923]] - [[George Patton IV]], American general (d. [[2004]])+*[[1932]] - [[On Kawara]], Japanese conceptual artist (d. 2014)
-* 1923 - [[Michael DiBiase]], American wrestler (d. [[1969]])+*[[1945]] - [[Lemmy]], British singer, bassist ([[Motörhead]]) (d. 2015)
-*[[1924]] - [[Lee Dorsey]], American singer (d. [[1986]])+*[[1946]] - [[Vittorio Giardino]], Italian comic artist (''Little Ego'')
-* 1924 - [[Grigory Kriss]], Russian Olympic champion fencer+*[[1948]] - [[Edwige Fenech]], French-born Italian actress and film producer
-*[[1925]] - [[Mohd. Rafi]], Indian actor and playback singer (d. [[1980]])+
-*[[1926]] - [[Paul Buissonneau]], French-born Quebec theatre director+
-*[[1929]] - [[Mary Higgins Clark]], American author+
-*[[1931]] - [[Mauricio Kagel]], Argentine composer+
-* 1931 - [[Ray Bryant]], American jazz pianist and composer+
-*[[1932]] - [[On Kawara]], Japanese conceptual artist+
-*[[1937]] - [[Félix Miéli Venerando]], Brazilian football player+
-*[[1938]] - [[Bobby Henrich]], American baseball player+
-* 1938 - [[Valentim Loureiro]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]] politician, and former football chairman of [[Boavista F.C.]] and ''[[Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional]]'' +
-*[[1941]] - [[John Levene]], British actor+
-*[[1943]] - [[Tarja Halonen]], [[President of Finland]]+
-*[[1944]] - [[Daniel Johnson, Jr.]], Quebec politician, [[Premier of Quebec]]+
-* 1944 - [[Mike Curb]], American musician, record company executive and politician+
-* 1944 - [[Oswald Gracias]], [[Roman Catholic]] [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archbishop of Bombay]]+
-* 1944 - [[Barry Chuckle]], British comedian+
-*[[1945]] - [[Lemmy]], British singer, bassist ([[Motörhead]])+
-* 1945 - [[Nicholas Meyer]], American author+
-*[[1946]] - [[Brenda Howard]], American bisexual activist (d. [[2005]])+
-* 1946 - [[Jeff Sessions]], American politician+
-*[[1947]] - [[Kevin Sheedy (Australian footballer)|Kevin Sheedy]], coach of [[Australian Football League]] club [[Essendon FC]]+
-* 1948 - [[Frank Oliver (rugby player)|Frank Oliver]], New Zealand rugby player+
-*[[1949]] - [[Randy Neugebauer]], American politician+
-* 1949 - [[Warwick Brown]], Australian racing driver+
-*[[1950]] - [[Dana Gioia]], American poet +
-*[[1951]] - [[John D'Acquisto]], baseball player+
-*[[1953]] - [[François Loos]], French politician+
-* 1954 - [[José María Figueres]], Costa Rican politician+
-*[[1955]] - [[Grand L. Bush]], American actor+
-* 1955 - [[Clarence Gilyard]], American actor+
-*[[1957]] - [[Hamid Karzai]], [[President of Afghanistan]]+
-* 1957 - [[Diane Tell]], Quebec singer+
-*[[1958]] - [[Munetaka Higuchi]], Japanese drummer+
-*[[1959]] - [[Keith Deller]], English darts player+
-* 1959 - [[Anil Kapoor]], Indian actor+
-*[[1960]] - [[Glenn McQueen]], American animator+
-*[[1960]] - [[Carol Vorderman]], British television presenter+
-*[[1961]] - [[Ilham Aliyev]], President of Azerbaijan Republic+
-*[[1963]] - [[Mary Ramsey]], American singer ([[10,000 Maniacs]])+
-* 1963 - [[Caroline Aherne]], English comedienne, writer and actress+
-*[[1964]] - [[Mark Valley]], American actor+
-*[[1966]] - [[Diedrich Bader]], American actor+
-*[[1967]] - [[Mikhail Shchennikov]], Russian race walker+
-*[[1968]] - [[Doyle Bramhall II]], American guitarist+
-*[[1969]] - [[Mark Millar]], Scottish comic book writer+
-*[[1970]] - [[Amaury Nolasco]], American actor+
-* 1970 - [[Will Oldham]], American singer and songwriter+
-*[[1971]] - [[Christopher Daniels]], American professional wrestler+
-* 1971 - [[Ricky Martin]], Puerto Rican singer+
-* 1971 - [[Giorgos Alkaios]], Greek singer+
-*[[1972]] - [[Alvaro Mesen]], Costa Rican footballer+
-*[[1973]] - [[Eddie Pope]], American soccer player+
-*[[1973]] - [[Stephenie Meyer]], Author+
-*[[1974]] - [[Marcelo Salas]], Chilean footballer+
-* 1974 - [[Ryan Seacrest]], American television host+
-*[[1978]] - [[Yıldıray Baştürk]], Turkish footballer+
-*[[1979]] - [[Chris Hero]], American professional wrestler+
-*[[1980]] - [[Tomas Kalnoky]], American musician ([[Streetlight Manifesto]]) +
-*[[1981]] - [[Dima Bilan]], Karachay-Russian pop artist+
-*[[1982]] - [[Aiba Masaki]], Japanese singer and actor+
-*[[1985]] - [[David Ragan]], American race car driver+
-*[[1986]] - [[Edward Southall]], English composer+
-* 1986 - [[Riyo Mori]], Miss Universe 2007 from Japan+
-* 1987 - Thomas Coner, Lion Tamer+
-<!--+
-Do not add people without Wikipedia articles to this list+
-Do not trust “this year in history” websites for accurate date information+
-Do not link multiple occurrences of the same year, just link the first occurrence.+
--->+
==Deaths== ==Deaths==
-* [[427]] - [[Archbishop Sisinnius I of Constantinople]] 
-* [[820]] - [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]], [[Byzantine Emperor]] (assassinated) (b. [[775]]) 
-*[[1257]] - [[John I, Count of Hainaut]] (b. [[1218]]) 
-*[[1453]] - [[John Dunstaple]], English composer (bc. [[1390]]) 
*[[1524]] - [[Vasco da Gama]], Portuguese explorer (bc. [[1469]]) *[[1524]] - [[Vasco da Gama]], Portuguese explorer (bc. [[1469]])
-*[[1660]] - [[Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange]] (b. [[1631]]) 
-*[[1707]] - [[Noël Coypel]], French painter (b. [[1628]]) 
-*[[1813]] - [[Empress Go-Sakuramachi of Japan]] (b. [[1740]]) 
*[[1863]] - [[William Makepeace Thackeray]], English writer (b. [[1811]]) *[[1863]] - [[William Makepeace Thackeray]], English writer (b. [[1811]])
-*[[1865]] - Sir [[Charles Lock Eastlake]], English painter and writer (b. [[1793]]) 
-*[[1868]] - [[Adolphe d'Archiac]], French paleontologist and geologist (b. [[1802]]) 
-*[[1872]] - [[William John Macquorn Rankine]], Scotish physician and engenier (b. [[1820]]) 
-*[[1873]] - [[Johns Hopkins]], Baltimore philanthropist and businessman (b. [[1795]])  
-*[[1889]] - [[Jan Jakob Lodewijk ten Kate]], Dutch poet and clergyman (b. [[1819]]) 
-*[[1898]] - [[Sharbel Makhluf]], Lebanese monk canonized in 1977 by Pope Paul VI (b. [[1828]]) 
-*[[1914]] - [[John Muir]], Scottish-born naturalist (b. [[1838]]) 
*[[1935]] - [[Alban Berg]], Austrian composer (b. [[1885]]) *[[1935]] - [[Alban Berg]], Austrian composer (b. [[1885]])
*[[1938]] - [[Bruno Taut]], German architect (b. [[1880]]) *[[1938]] - [[Bruno Taut]], German architect (b. [[1880]])
-*[[1941]] - [[Siegfried Alkan]], German composer (b. [[1858]]) 
-*[[1942]] - [[François Darlan]], vice-premier of Vichy France (b. [[1881]]) 
-*[[1957]] - [[Norma Talmadge]], American actress (b. [[1893]]) 
-*[[1965]] - [[William M. Branham]], Christian minister (b. [[1906]]) 
-*[[1972]] - [[Gisela Richter]], English art historian (b. [[1882]]) 
-* 1972 - [[Melville Ruick]], American actor (b. [[1898]]) 
*[[1975]] - [[Bernard Herrmann]], American film composer (b. [[1911]]) *[[1975]] - [[Bernard Herrmann]], American film composer (b. [[1911]])
-*[[1976]] - [[Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza]], heir to the throne of [[Portugal]] (b. [[1907]]) 
-*[[1977]] - [[Samael Aun Weor]], Columbian writer (b. [[1917]]) 
-*[[1980]] - [[Karl Dönitz]], [[President of Germany]] (b. [[1891]]) 
-* 1980 - [[Siggie Nordstrom]], model, actress, entertainer, socialite and lead singer of The [[Nordstrom Sisters]] (b. [[1893]]) 
*[[1982]] - [[Louis Aragon]], French writer (b. [[1897]]) *[[1982]] - [[Louis Aragon]], French writer (b. [[1897]])
-*[[1984]] - [[Peter Lawford]], English actor (b. [[1923]])+*[[1994]] - [[John Osborne]], English playwright (''Look Back in Anger'') (b. [[1929]])
-*[[1985]] - [[Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith]], Last Lincoln descendant (b. [[1904]])+
-*[[1986]] - [[Gardner Fox]], American writer (b. [[1911]])+
-*[[1987]] - [[Joop den Uyl]], [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]] (b. [[1919]])+
-* 1987 - [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of the Tamil Nadu]] (b. [[1917]])+
-*[[1990]] - [[Thorbjørn Egner]], Norwegian author (b. [[1922]])+
-*[[1992]] - [[Peyo]], Belgian comics artist, and creator of [[The Smurfs]] (b. [[1928]])+
-* 1992 - [[Bobby LaKind]], American musician and singer ([[The Doobie Brothers]]) (b. [[1945]])+
-*[[1993]] - [[Norman Vincent Peale]], American writer (b. [[1898]])+
-*[[1994]] - [[John Boswell]], American historian (b. [[1947]])+
-* 1994 - [[Rossano Brazzi]], Italian actor and singer (b. [[1916]])+
-*[[1997]] - [[Toshiro Mifune|Toshirô Mifune]], Japanese actor (b. [[1920]])+
-* 1997 - [[Pierre Péladeau]], Quebec businessman, founder of [[Quebecor]] (b. [[1925]])+
-*[[1999]] - [[João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo]], [[President of Brazil]] (b. [[1918]])+
-* 1999 - [[Maurice Couve de Murville]], French politician, Prime minister of France (b. [[1907]])+
-* 1999 - [[Bill Bowerman]], American track and field coach+
-*[[2000]] - [[Nick Massi]], American singer ([[The Four Seasons (group)|The Four Seasons]]) (b. [[1935]])+
-*[[2002]] - [[Kjell Aukrust]], Norwegian author (b. [[1920]])+
-* 2002 - [[Laci Peterson]], American murder victim (b. [[1975]])+
-*[[2004]] - [[Johnny Oates]], baseball player and manager (b. [[1946]])+
-*[[2005]] - [[Michael Vale]], [[United States|American]] commercial actor (b. [[1922]])+
-*[[2006]] - [[Braguinha (composer)|"Braguinha"]], Brazilian songwriter (b. [[1907]])+
-* 2006 - [[Kenneth Sivertsen]], Norwegian singer, poet and comedian (b. [[1961]])+
-* 2006 - [[Frank Stanton]], American television executive (b. [[1908]])+
-== Notes ==+
-#+
-# David F. Friedman+
-# Ignatius of Loyola+
-# Mauricio Kagel+
-# Ava Gardner+
-# Louis Aragon+
-# Joseph Cornell+
-# James Hadley Chase+
-# Wolfgang Kayser+
-# Edwige Fenech+
-# Bernard Herrmann+
-# Ad Reinhardt+
-# Vittorio Giardino+
-# William Makepeace Thackeray+
-# Reginald Fessenden+
-# Walter Abish+
-# John Osborne+
-# Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky+
-# Bruno Taut+
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

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