Culture of Europe  

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-[[Image:Nicolas Ledoux.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Théatre de Besançon]], interior view by [[Claude Nicolas Ledoux]] ]]+[[Image:Tommaso.Laureti.Triumph.of.Christianity.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''[[Triumph of Christianity]]'' by [[Tommaso Laureti]] (1530-1602), ceiling painting in the [[Sala di Constantino]], [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican Palace]]. Images like this one celebrate the destruction of ancient [[Paganism|pagan]] culture and the victory of [[Christianity]].]]
 +[[Image:Nicolas Ledoux.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Théatre de Besançon]], interior view by [[Claude Nicolas Ledoux]] ]]
 +[[Image:Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1895.jpg|thumb|right|200px|
 +This page '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' is part of the [[world culture]] series.
 +<br>
 +Illustration: screen shot from ''[[L'arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat]]'']]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-:''[[Europe]], [[culture]], [[world culture]]'' 
-The '''culture of [[Europe]]''' might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of North as opposed to South; West as opposed to East; [[Christianity]] as opposed to [[Islam]]; [[Protestantism]] as opposed to [[Catholicism]]; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent. There are many cultural [[innovation]]s and movements, often at odds with each other, such as Christian proselytism or [[Humanism]]. Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is far more complex than it seems to be.+The '''culture of [[Europe]]''' might better be described as a series of multiple cultures, often competing; geographical regions opposing one another, [[Orthodoxy]] as opposed to [[Catholicism]] as opposed to [[Protestantism]] as opposed to [[Judaism]] as opposed to [[Secularism]] as opposed to [[Islam]]; many have claimed to identify cultural [[fault line]]s across the continent. There are many cultural [[innovation]]s and movements, often at odds with each other, such as Christian proselytism or [[Humanism]]. Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is far more complex than it seems to be.
-The foundation of European culture was laid by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], strengthened by the [[Culture of ancient Rome|Romans]], stabilized by [[Christianity]], reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century [[Renaissance]] and [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries, including predominantly [[Muslim]] [[Ottoman Turks]]. Thus the European Culture developed into a very complex phenomenon of wider range of philosophy, Islamic mysticism, Christian and secular [[humanism]], rational way of life and logical thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of [[enlightenment]], [[naturalism]], [[romanticism]], [[science]], [[democracy]], and [[socialism]]. Because of its global connection, the European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt and ultimately influence other trends of culture. As a matter of fact, therefore, from the middle of the nineteenth century with the expansion of European education and the spread of Christianity, European culture and way of life, to a great extent, turned to be "global culture," if anything has to be so named (Vide. Sailen Debnath, "Secularism: Western and Indian," Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi).+Upon the [[pagan]] cultures of [[aboriginal Europe]], the foundations of modern European cultures were laid by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], strengthened by the [[Culture of ancient Rome|Romans]], stabilized by [[Christianity]], added to by the rest of Europe, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century [[Renaissance]] and [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. Thus the European Culture developed into a very complex phenomenon of wider range of philosophy, Judeo-Christian and secular [[humanism]], rational ways of life and logical thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of [[Age of Enlightenment|enlightenment]], [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]], [[romanticism]], [[science]], [[democracy]], [[fascism]], [[communism]], and [[socialism]]. Because of its global connection, the European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt and ultimately influence other trends of culture. As a matter of fact, therefore, from the middle of the nineteenth century with the expansion of European education and the spread of Christianity, European culture and way of life, to a great extent, turned into "global culture," if anything has to be so named.
 +==Common cultural heritage==
 +:''[[Pan-European identity]]''
 +European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage". Due to the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture. Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe. One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes:
 + 
 +*A common cultural and spiritual heritage derived from [[Greco-Roman]] antiquity, [[Christianity]], the [[Renaissance]] and its [[Humanism]], the political thinking of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], and the [[French Revolution]], and the developments of [[Modernity]], including all types of [[socialism]];
 + 
 +*A rich and dynamic material culture that has been extended to the other continents as the result of [[industrialization]] and [[colonialism]] during the "[[Great Divergence]]";
 + 
 +*A specific conception of the individual expressed by the existence of, and respect for, a legality that guarantees [[human rights]] and the [[Political freedom|liberty of the individual]];
 + 
 +*A plurality of states with different political orders, which are condemned to live together in one way or another;
 + 
 +*Respect for peoples, states and nations outside Europe.
 + 
 +Berting says that these points fit with "Europe's most positive realisations".
 + 
 +The concept of European culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the [[Western world]]. In this definition, Western culture is the set of [[Western literature|literary]], [[Science|scientific]], [[Modernity#Political_thought|political]], [[European art|art]]istic and [[European philosophy|philosophical]] principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the [[Western canon]]. The term has come to apply to countries whose history has been strongly marked by European immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as [[the Americas]], and [[Australasia]], and is not restricted to Europe.
==Art== ==Art==
:''[[European art]]'' :''[[European art]]''
- 
*'''[[Painting]]''' *'''[[Painting]]'''
-The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by some historians{{Who|date=April 2010}} to be about 32,000 years old. The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, tradition from antiquity. Until the mid 19th century it was primarily concerned with representational and Classical modes of production, after which time more modern, abstract and conceptual forms gained favor. Developments in Western painting historically parallel those in Eastern painting, in general a few centuries later. [[Africa]]n art, [[Islam]]ic art, [[India]]n art, [[China|Chinese]] art, and [[Japan]]ese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, eventually, vice-versa.+The oldest known paintings are at the [[Grotte Chauvet]] in France, claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, tradition from antiquity. Until the mid 19th century it was primarily concerned with representational and Classical modes of production, after which time more modern, abstract and conceptual forms gained favor. Developments in Western painting historically parallel those in Eastern painting, in general a few centuries later. [[Africa]]n art, [[Islam]]ic art, [[India]]n art, [[China|Chinese]] art, and [[Japan]]ese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, eventually, vice-versa.
*'''[[Sculpture]]''' *'''[[Sculpture]]'''
Line 24: Line 44:
Europe was the birthplace of classical music- notably, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia. Important classical composers from Europe include Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Haydn, and Vivaldi. Europe was the birthplace of classical music- notably, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia. Important classical composers from Europe include Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Haydn, and Vivaldi.
-Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from America, ranging from pop, rap, hip'hop, r'n'b, dance, jazz, soul etc. Britain has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music from the [[Beatles]] to [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]; however, countries like Spain and Germany have not been far behind with artists such as [[Julio iglesias|Julio Iglesias]] and [[Kraftwerk]].+Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from America, ranging from pop, rap, hip'hop, r'n'b, dance, jazz, soul etc. Britain has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music from the [[Beatles]] to [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]]; however, countries like Spain and Germany have not been far behind with artists such as [[Julio Iglesias]] and [[Kraftwerk]].
The [[Eurovision Song Contest]] brings European states together every May, in which each country submits a song and an eventual winner is chosen at the end, through voting. The [[Eurovision Song Contest]] brings European states together every May, in which each country submits a song and an eventual winner is chosen at the end, through voting.
-**'''[[European classical music]]''' : Europe was the birthplace of classical music- notably, Austria, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, and Russia. Important classical composers from Europe include [[J.S. Bach]], [[Handel]], [[Vivaldi]], [[Haydn]], [[Mozart]], [[Beethoven]], [[Schubert]], [[Schumann]], [[Liszt]], [[Chopin]], [[Wagner]], [[Rimsky-Korsakov]], [[Bruckner]], [[Tchaikovsky]], [[Verdi]], [[Mahler]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Schoenberg]], [[Bartok]], [[Sibelius]], [[Prokofiev]], [[Puccini]], [[Debussy]], [[Rossini]], [[Ravel]], [[Stravinsky]] and [[Shostakovich]]. [[Luciano Pavarotti]] was a contemporary popular [[opera]] singer. Orchestras such as the [[Berliner Philharmoniker]], the [[Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra]], the Amsterdam [[Concertgebouw Orchestra]] and the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] are considered to be amongst the finest ensembles in the world. The [[Salzburg Festival]], the [[Bayreuth Festival]], the [[Edinburgh International Festival]] and the [[BBC Proms]] are major European classical music festivals.+**'''[[European classical music]]''' : Europe was the birthplace of classical music- notably, Austria, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, and Russia. Important classical composers from Europe include [[J.S. Bach]], [[Handel]], [[Vivaldi]], [[Haydn]], [[Mozart]], [[Beethoven]], [[Schubert]], [[Schumann]], [[Liszt]], [[Chopin]], [[Wagner]], [[Rimsky-Korsakov]], [[Bruckner]], [[Tchaikovsky]], [[Verdi]], [[Mahler]], [[Richard Strauss]], [[Schoenberg]], [[Bartok]], [[Sibelius]], [[Prokofiev]], [[Puccini]], [[Debussy]], [[Rossini]], [[Ravel]], [[Stravinsky]] and [[Shostakovich]]. [[Luciano Pavarotti]] was a contemporary popular [[opera]] singer.
 + 
**'''[[European folk music]]''' : Europe has a wide and diverse range of indigenous music, sharing common features in rural, travelling or maritime communities. Folk music is embedded in an unwritten, aural tradition, but was increasingly transcribed from the nineteenth century onwards. Many classical composers used folk melodies, and folk has influenced some popular music in Europe. **'''[[European folk music]]''' : Europe has a wide and diverse range of indigenous music, sharing common features in rural, travelling or maritime communities. Folk music is embedded in an unwritten, aural tradition, but was increasingly transcribed from the nineteenth century onwards. Many classical composers used folk melodies, and folk has influenced some popular music in Europe.
-**'''[[European popular usic]]''' : Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from America, ranging from Blues, Jazz, Soul, Pop, Rap, Hip-Hop, R'n'B, Dance, etc. UK has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music and creating many of its own genres with [[The Beatles]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[David Bowie]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Sex Pistols]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[The Clash]], [[Van Morrison]], [[Dire Straits]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[George Michael]], [[Pet Shop Boys]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[The Who]], [[Eurythmics]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[The Cure]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Def Leppard]], [[Duran Duran]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Radiohead]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Coldplay]], [[The Police]], [[Robbie Williams]], [[Bee Gees]], [[Spice Girls]], [[UB40]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Jay Sean]], [[Leona Lewis]]... Other European popular musicians are [[U2]] (Ireland), [[ABBA]] (Sweden), [[a-ha]] (Norway), [[Andrea Bocelli]] (Italy), [[Julio Iglesias]] (Spain), [[Nana Mouskouri]] (Greece/France), [[Boney M.]] (Germany), [[Charles Aznavour]] (France), [[Johnny Hallyday]] (France), [[Modern Talking]] (Germany), [[Scorpions]] (Germany), [[Rammstein]] (Germany) [[Ace of Base]] (Sweden), [[Enya]] (Ireland), [[James Last]] (Germany), [[Doda (singer)|Doda]] (Poland), [[Jean Michel Jarre]] (France), [[Roxette]] (Sweden)... The [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. Main festivals : Glastonbury (UK), [[Wacken]] (Germany), Benicassim (Spain), Roskilde (Denmark). +**'''[[European popular music]]''' : Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from America, ranging from Blues, Jazz, Soul, Pop, Rap, Hip-Hop, R'n'B, Dance, etc. UK has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music and creating many of its own genres with [[The Beatles]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[David Bowie]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Sex Pistols]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[The Clash]], [[Van Morrison]], [[Dire Straits]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[George Michael]], [[Pet Shop Boys]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[The Who]], [[Eurythmics]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[The Cure]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[Def Leppard]], [[Duran Duran]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Radiohead]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Coldplay]], [[The Police]], [[Robbie Williams]], [[Bee Gees]], [[Spice Girls]], [[UB40]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Jay Sean]], [[Leona Lewis]]... Other European popular musicians are [[U2]] (Ireland), [[ABBA]] (Sweden), [[a-ha]] (Norway), [[Andrea Bocelli]] (Italy), [[Julio Iglesias]] (Spain), [[Nana Mouskouri]] (Greece/France), [[Boney M.]] (Germany), [[Charles Aznavour]] (France), [[Johnny Hallyday]] (France), [[Modern Talking]] (Germany), [[Scorpions]] (Germany), [[Rammstein]] (Germany) [[Ace of Base]] (Sweden), [[Enya]] (Ireland), [[James Last]] (Germany), [[Doda (singer)|Doda]] (Poland), [[Jean Michel Jarre]] (France), [[Roxette]] (Sweden)... The [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. Main festivals : Glastonbury (UK), [[Wacken]] (Germany), Benicassim (Spain), Roskilde (Denmark).
[[EMI]] is the largest European music company. [[EMI]] is the largest European music company.
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==Science== ==Science==
-*'''[[CERN]]''' (pronounced /ˈsɜrn/ (French pronunciation: [sɛʀn]) : The European Organization for Nuclear Research, is the birthplace of the [[World Wide Web]] and home of the world's largest machine : the [[Large Hadron Collider]]. It is the world's largest particle physics laboratory, situated in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border, established in 1954. 
-*'''[[ESA]]''' : The European Space Agency's space flight program includes human spaceflight, mainly through the participation in the International Space Station program, the launch and operations of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon, Earth observations, science, telecommunication as well as maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana and designing launch vehicles. The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle. 
Europe has produced some of the greatest scientists, inventors and intellectuals in history. Germany; [[Albert Einstein]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Johannes Gutenberg]], [[Gottfried Leibniz]], [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]], [[Max Planck]], [[Karl Benz]]. England; [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Michael Faraday]], [[James Joule]], [[Edward Jenner]], [[John Dalton]], [[George Stephenson]], [[Florence Nightingale]], [[George Cayley]], [[Frank Whittle]], [[Alan Turing]], [[Stephen Hawking]], [[Tim Berners Lee]]. Scotland; [[James Watt]], [[Alexander Fleming]], [[Alexander Graham Bell]], [[John Logie Baird]], [[James Clerk Maxwell]], [[Adam Smith]]. Italy; [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], [[Alessandro Volta]], [[Guglielmo Marconi]], [[Enrico Fermi]]. France; [[Louis Pasteur]], [[Antoine Lavoisier]], [[Henri Becquerel]], [[René Descartes]]. Poland; [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Marie Curie]]. Ireland; [[Lord Kelvin]]. Sweden; [[Alfred Nobel]], [[Anders Celsius]]. Denmark; [[Niels Bohr]]. Serbia; [[Nikola Tesla]]. Switzerland; [[Carl Jung]]. Hungary; [[Leo Szilard]]. Russia; [[Dmitri Mendeleev]]. Austria: [[Sigmund Frued]]. Europe has produced some of the greatest scientists, inventors and intellectuals in history. Germany; [[Albert Einstein]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Johannes Gutenberg]], [[Gottfried Leibniz]], [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]], [[Max Planck]], [[Karl Benz]]. England; [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Michael Faraday]], [[James Joule]], [[Edward Jenner]], [[John Dalton]], [[George Stephenson]], [[Florence Nightingale]], [[George Cayley]], [[Frank Whittle]], [[Alan Turing]], [[Stephen Hawking]], [[Tim Berners Lee]]. Scotland; [[James Watt]], [[Alexander Fleming]], [[Alexander Graham Bell]], [[John Logie Baird]], [[James Clerk Maxwell]], [[Adam Smith]]. Italy; [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], [[Alessandro Volta]], [[Guglielmo Marconi]], [[Enrico Fermi]]. France; [[Louis Pasteur]], [[Antoine Lavoisier]], [[Henri Becquerel]], [[René Descartes]]. Poland; [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Marie Curie]]. Ireland; [[Lord Kelvin]]. Sweden; [[Alfred Nobel]], [[Anders Celsius]]. Denmark; [[Niels Bohr]]. Serbia; [[Nikola Tesla]]. Switzerland; [[Carl Jung]]. Hungary; [[Leo Szilard]]. Russia; [[Dmitri Mendeleev]]. Austria: [[Sigmund Frued]].
Line 93: Line 112:
==See also== ==See also==
 +:''[[Europe]], [[culture]], [[Western culture]], [[European tourism]]''
*[[Europalia]] *[[Europalia]]
*[[Europeanisation]] *[[Europeanisation]]
Line 100: Line 120:
*[[European film]] *[[European film]]
*[[European erotica]] *[[European erotica]]
-*[[European counterculture]]+*[[European low culture]]
**[[May 68]] **[[May 68]]
*[[European counterculture]] *[[European counterculture]]

Revision as of 12:23, 27 July 2017

Triumph of Christianity by Tommaso Laureti (1530-1602), ceiling painting in the Sala di Constantino, Vatican Palace. Images like this one celebrate the destruction of ancient pagan culture and the victory of Christianity.
Enlarge
Triumph of Christianity by Tommaso Laureti (1530-1602), ceiling painting in the Sala di Constantino, Vatican Palace. Images like this one celebrate the destruction of ancient pagan culture and the victory of Christianity.
 This page Culture of Europe is part of the world culture series.  Illustration: screen shot from L'arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat
Enlarge
This page Culture of Europe is part of the world culture series.
Illustration: screen shot from L'arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat

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The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of multiple cultures, often competing; geographical regions opposing one another, Orthodoxy as opposed to Catholicism as opposed to Protestantism as opposed to Judaism as opposed to Secularism as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent. There are many cultural innovations and movements, often at odds with each other, such as Christian proselytism or Humanism. Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is far more complex than it seems to be.

Upon the pagan cultures of aboriginal Europe, the foundations of modern European cultures were laid by the Greeks, strengthened by the Romans, stabilized by Christianity, added to by the rest of Europe, reformed and modernized by the fifteenth-century Renaissance and Reformation, and globalized by successive European empires between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. Thus the European Culture developed into a very complex phenomenon of wider range of philosophy, Judeo-Christian and secular humanism, rational ways of life and logical thinking developed through a long age of change and formation with the experiments of enlightenment, naturalism, romanticism, science, democracy, fascism, communism, and socialism. Because of its global connection, the European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt and ultimately influence other trends of culture. As a matter of fact, therefore, from the middle of the nineteenth century with the expansion of European education and the spread of Christianity, European culture and way of life, to a great extent, turned into "global culture," if anything has to be so named.

Contents

Common cultural heritage

Pan-European identity

European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage". Due to the great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject, it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture. Nonetheless, there are core elements which are generally agreed upon as forming the cultural foundation of modern Europe. One list of these elements given by K. Bochmann includes:

  • A plurality of states with different political orders, which are condemned to live together in one way or another;
  • Respect for peoples, states and nations outside Europe.

Berting says that these points fit with "Europe's most positive realisations".

The concept of European culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic and philosophical principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. The term has come to apply to countries whose history has been strongly marked by European immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to Europe.

Art

European art

The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, tradition from antiquity. Until the mid 19th century it was primarily concerned with representational and Classical modes of production, after which time more modern, abstract and conceptual forms gained favor. Developments in Western painting historically parallel those in Eastern painting, in general a few centuries later. African art, Islamic art, Indian art, Chinese art, and Japanese art each had significant influence on Western art, and, eventually, vice-versa.

The earliest European sculpture to date portrays a female form, and has been estimated at dating from 35,000 years ago. See Classical sculpture, Ancient Greek sculpture, Gothic art, Renaissance, Mannerist, Baroque, Neoclassicism, Modernism, Postminimalism, found art, Postmodern art, Conceptual art.

European music

Europe was the birthplace of classical music- notably, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia. Important classical composers from Europe include Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Haydn, and Vivaldi.

Europe has also imported many different genres of music, mainly from America, ranging from pop, rap, hip'hop, r'n'b, dance, jazz, soul etc. Britain has been most successful in re-exporting this type of music from the Beatles to Oasis; however, countries like Spain and Germany have not been far behind with artists such as Julio Iglesias and Kraftwerk.

The Eurovision Song Contest brings European states together every May, in which each country submits a song and an eventual winner is chosen at the end, through voting.

EMI is the largest European music company.

Neolithic architecture : Born in the Levant, Neolithic architecture spread to Europe. The Mediterranean neolithic cultures of Malta worshiped in megalithic temples. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs for the dead were also built. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges flint mines and cursus monuments., Architecture of ancient Greece, Roman architecture, Medieval architecture, Renaissance architecture, Baroque architecture, Beaux-Arts architecture, Expressionist architecture, Deconstructivism.

Europe is the birthplace of some of the most prominent or popular fiction writers of all time : Homer, Dante Alighieri, François Rabelais, Miguel de Cervantes, William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Geoffrey Chaucer, Voltaire, Jane Austen, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, H. G. Wells, Robert Louis Stevenson, C. S. Lewis, Franz Kafka, Agatha Christie, Henrik Ibsen, J. R. R. Tolkien, Rudyard Kipling, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Alexander Pushkin, Knut Hamsun, George Orwell, Jules Verne, Bram Stoker, James Joyce, Mary Shelley, Albert Camus, Oscar Wilde, Roald Dahl, Lewis Carroll, Virginia Woolf, Daniel Defoe, Anne Frank, John Milton, Umberto Eco, Walter Scott, Beatrix Potter, D. H. Lawrence, Hans Christian Andersen, Brothers Grimm, Joseph Conrad, Terry Pratchett, Jonathan Swift, J. M. Barrie, Alan Moore, Anton Chekhov, Patrick Süskind, J. K. Rowling, Sigrid Undset...

See Western art history, dance, drama, and circus arts.

In 1897, Georges Méliès established the first cinema studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil, near Paris. Some notable European film movements include German Expressionism, Italian neorealism, French New Wave, Polish Film School, New German Cinema, Portuguese Cinema Novo, Czechoslovak New Wave, Dogme 95, New French Extremity, and Romanian New Wave. The cinema of Europe has its own awards, the European Film Awards. Main festivals : Cannes Film Festival (France), Berlin International Film Festival (Germany). The Venice Film Festival (Italy) or Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia, is the oldest film festival in the world.

Some of the most popular games of all time come from Europe : the Grand Theft Auto (series), Tomb Raider, Cossacks: European Wars, Brain Challenge, Block Breaker Deluxe...

Science

Europe has produced some of the greatest scientists, inventors and intellectuals in history. Germany; Albert Einstein, Johannes Kepler, Johannes Gutenberg, Gottfried Leibniz, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Max Planck, Karl Benz. England; Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Michael Faraday, James Joule, Edward Jenner, John Dalton, George Stephenson, Florence Nightingale, George Cayley, Frank Whittle, Alan Turing, Stephen Hawking, Tim Berners Lee. Scotland; James Watt, Alexander Fleming, Alexander Graham Bell, John Logie Baird, James Clerk Maxwell, Adam Smith. Italy; Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Galileo Galilei, Niccolò Machiavelli, Alessandro Volta, Guglielmo Marconi, Enrico Fermi. France; Louis Pasteur, Antoine Lavoisier, Henri Becquerel, René Descartes. Poland; Nicolaus Copernicus, Marie Curie. Ireland; Lord Kelvin. Sweden; Alfred Nobel, Anders Celsius. Denmark; Niels Bohr. Serbia; Nikola Tesla. Switzerland; Carl Jung. Hungary; Leo Szilard. Russia; Dmitri Mendeleev. Austria: Sigmund Frued.

Philosophy

European philosophy is a predominant strand of philosophy globally, and is central to philosophical enquiry in America and most other parts of the world which have fallen under its influence. Christian thought is a huge influence on many fields of European philosophy (as European philosophy has been on Christian thought too), sometimes as a reaction; the Greek schools of philosophy in antiquity provide the basis of philosophical discourse that extends to today.

Perhaps one of the most important single philosophical periods since the classical era were the Renaissance, the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment. There are many disputes as to its value and even its timescale. What is indisputable is that the tenets of reason and rational discourse owe much to René Descartes, John Locke and others working at the time.

Other important European philosophical strands include: Analytic philosophy, Calvinism, Christian Democracy, Communism, Conservatism, Constructionism, Deconstructionism, Empiricism, Epicureanism, Existentialism, Fascism, Humanism, Idealism, Liberalism, Logical positivism, Marxism, Materialism, Monarchism, Nationalism, Perspectivism, Platonism, Positivism, Postmodernism, Rationalism, Romanticism, Scepticism, Scholasticism, Social Democracy, Socialism, Stoicism, Structuralism, Thomism, Utilitarianism, Spenglerism

Religion

Religion in Europe

Christianity has been the dominant feature in shaping up European culture for at least the last 1700 years. Modern philosophical thought has very much been influenced by Christian philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus.

Cuisine

European cuisine

The cuisines of Western countries are diverse by themselves, although there are common characteristics that distinguishes Western cooking from cuisines of Asian countries and others. Compared with traditional cooking of Asian countries, for example, meat is more prominent and substantial in serving-size. Steak in particular is a common dish across the West. Similarly to some Asian cuisines, Western cuisines also put substantial emphasis on sauces as condiments, seasonings, or accompaniments (in part due to the difficulty of seasonings penetrating the often larger pieces of meat used in Western cooking). Many dairy products are utilized in the cooking process, except in nouvelle cuisine. Wheat-flour bread has long been the most common sources of starch in this cuisine, along with pasta, dumplings and pastries, although the potato has become a major starch plant in the diet of Europeans and their diaspora since the European colonization of the Americas.

Clothing

History of Western fashion

The earliest definite examples of needles originate from the Solutrean culture, which existed in France from 19,000 BC to 15,000 BC. The earliest dyed flax fibers have been found in a cave the Republic of Georgia and date back to 36,000 BP. see Clothing in ancient Rome, 1100-1200 in fashion, 1200-1300 in fashion, 1300-1400 in fashion, 1400-1500 in fashion, 1500-1550 in fashion, 1550-1600 in fashion, 1600-1650 in fashion, 1650-1700 in fashion, Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution.

Sport

Sport in Europe

See Olympic games

European Capital of Culture

Each year since 1985 one or more cities across Europe are chosen as European Capital of Culture.

Symbols

See also

Europe, culture, Western culture, European tourism




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Culture of Europe" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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