Cleopatra  

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-[[Image:Guido Cagnacci Death of Cleopatra.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''The Death of [[Cleopatra]]'' ([[1658]]) by [[Guido Cagnacci]]]]+{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" |
 +''[[The Death of Cleopatra]]'', [[They say that Cleopatra]]
 +|}
 +[[Image:Guido Cagnacci Death of Cleopatra.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Death of Cleopatra]]'' ([[1658]]) by [[Guido Cagnacci]]]]
 +[[Image:Death of Cleopatra by Rixens.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[The Death of Cleopatra]]'' ([[1874]]) by [[Jean-André Rixens ]]]]
 +[[Image:Mirrored Dying Cleopatra by Arnold Boecklin.JPG|thumb|right|200px|''[[Dying Cleopatra]]'' ([[1872]]) by [[Arnold Böcklin]]]]
 + 
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-'''Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator''' (January [[69 BC]]–[[November 30]] [[30 BC]]) was a [[Hellenistic]] co-ruler of Egypt with her father ([[Ptolemy XII of Egypt|Ptolemy XII Auletes]]) and later with her brothers/husbands. She later became the supreme ruler of Egypt, [[consummation|consummated]] a [[liaison]] with [[Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar]], that solidified her grip on the throne, and, after Caesar's [[assassination]], aligned with [[Mark Antony]], with whom she produced twins.  
 +'''Cleopatra VII Philopator''' (Late 69 BC – August 12, 30 BC) was the last person to rule [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] as an Egyptian [[pharaoh]] – after she died, Egypt became a [[Roman province]]. She had [[love affair]]s with [[Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar]] and [[Mark Antony]](see ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]''). After Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by their rival [[Augustus]]), Cleopatra committed suicide, the traditional date being [[12 August]] 30 BC, allegedly by means of an [[Asp (reptile)|asp]] bite.
 +
 +Her appeal lays in her legend as a great [[seductress]] who was able to ally herself with two of the "[[famous men]]".
 +==Character and cultural depictions==
 +:''[[Cultural depictions of Cleopatra VII]]''
 +Cleopatra was regarded as a great beauty, even in the ancient world. In his ''[[Life of Antony]]'', [[Plutarch]] remarks that "judging by the proofs which she had had before this of the effect of her beauty upon Caius Caesar and Gnaeus the son of Pompey, she had hopes that she would more easily bring Antony to her feet. For Caesar and Pompey had known her when she was still a girl and inexperienced in affairs, but she was going to visit Antony at the very time when women have the most brilliant beauty". Later in the work, however, Plutarch indicates that "her beauty, as we are told, was in itself not altogether incomparable, nor such as to strike those who saw her." Rather, what ultimately made Cleopatra attractive were her wit, charm and "sweetness in the tones of her voice."
 +
 +[[Cassius Dio]] also spoke of Cleopatra's allure: "For she was a woman of surpassing beauty, and at that time, when she was in the prime of her youth, she was most striking; she also possessed a most charming voice and knowledge of how to make herself agreeable to every one. Being brilliant to look upon and to listen to, with the power to subjugate every one, even a love-sated man already past his prime, she thought that it would be in keeping with her role to meet Caesar, and she reposed in her beauty all her claims to the throne."
-After Antony and Cleopatra were defeated at [[Battle of Actium|Actium]] by their rival and Caesar's legal heir, Gaius Julius Caesar [[Augustus|Octavian]] (who later became the first [[Roman Emperor]], [[Augustus]]), Cleopatra committed suicide, the traditional date being [[12 August]] 30 BC, allegedly by means of an [[Asp (reptile)|asp]] bite. +These accounts influenced later cultural depictions of Cleopatra, which typically present her using her charms to influence the most powerful men in the Western world.
-To this day she remains popular in Western culture. Her legacy survives in numerous works of art and the many dramatizations of her story in literature, (e.g. [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' and [[Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[Caesar & Cleopatra]]'') film, and television. (e.g. [[Elizabeth Taylor]]'s famous depiction in ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'', and the BBC/HBO co-production ''[[Rome (TV series)|Rome]]'') +==In fiction==
 +Her legacy survives in numerous works of art and the many dramatizations of her story in literature, (e.g. [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'' and [[Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[Caesar & Cleopatra]]'') film, and television. (e.g. [[Elizabeth Taylor]]'s famous depiction in ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'', and the BBC/HBO co-production ''[[Rome (TV series)|Rome]]'')
In most depictions, Cleopatra is put forward as a great beauty and her successive conquests of the world's most powerful men is taken to be proof of her aesthetic and sexual appeal. Whether or not she would have been considered beautiful by current standards is unknown, but clearly she was appealing by the standards of her time. In his ''[[Pensées]]'', philosopher [[Blaise Pascal]] contends that Cleopatra's classically beautiful profile changed world history: "Cleopatra's nose, had it been shorter, the whole face of the world would have been changed." In most depictions, Cleopatra is put forward as a great beauty and her successive conquests of the world's most powerful men is taken to be proof of her aesthetic and sexual appeal. Whether or not she would have been considered beautiful by current standards is unknown, but clearly she was appealing by the standards of her time. In his ''[[Pensées]]'', philosopher [[Blaise Pascal]] contends that Cleopatra's classically beautiful profile changed world history: "Cleopatra's nose, had it been shorter, the whole face of the world would have been changed."
-===Cleopatra in culture===+==Her suicide in visual art==
-Cleopatra's story has fascinated scores of writers and artists through the centuries. While she was a powerful political figure in her own right, it is likely that much of her appeal lay in her legend as a great [[seductress]] who was able to ally herself with two of the most powerful men (Julius Caesar and Marc Antony) of her time, thus becoming the archetype of the "[[Strong and independent women|strong woman]]".{{GFDL}}+:''[[death of Cleopatra]]''
 +Beginning with the [[Renaissance]] and continuing into later centuries individual artists, as well as artistic movements (e.g. [[Romanticism]], [[Decadent movement|Decandatism]]), have demonstrated a veritable passion for and derived much inspiration from Cleopatra's suicide; among the most well known pictorial iterations of Cleopatra's [[suicide]] are [[Guido Cagnacci|Cagnacci's]] ''[[Death of Cleopatra]]'' (1658) and [[Jean-André Rixens|Rixens's]] work of the same name (1874). A work that may have inspired Rixen's painting is [[Theophile Gautier|Gautier's]] story ''[[Une Nuit de Cléopâtre]]'' (1838), which includes a [[fantasy|fantastic]]—and an undisguisedly [[fetish]]istic—description of the Egyptian queen's body ''post-mortem''. Other renditions include paintings by [[Reginald Arthur]], [[Augustin Hirschvogel]], the aforementioned [[Guido Cagnacci]], [[Johann Liss]], [[John William Waterhouse]] and [[Jean-André Rixens]].
 +==See also==
 +*[[List of female rulers and title holders]]
 +*[[List of female adventurers]]
 +{{GFDL}}

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Cleopatra VII Philopator (Late 69 BC – August 12, 30 BC) was the last person to rule Egypt as an Egyptian pharaoh – after she died, Egypt became a Roman province. She had love affairs with Gaius Julius Caesar and Mark Antony(see Antony and Cleopatra). After Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by their rival Augustus), Cleopatra committed suicide, the traditional date being 12 August 30 BC, allegedly by means of an asp bite.

Her appeal lays in her legend as a great seductress who was able to ally herself with two of the "famous men".

Contents

Character and cultural depictions

Cultural depictions of Cleopatra VII

Cleopatra was regarded as a great beauty, even in the ancient world. In his Life of Antony, Plutarch remarks that "judging by the proofs which she had had before this of the effect of her beauty upon Caius Caesar and Gnaeus the son of Pompey, she had hopes that she would more easily bring Antony to her feet. For Caesar and Pompey had known her when she was still a girl and inexperienced in affairs, but she was going to visit Antony at the very time when women have the most brilliant beauty". Later in the work, however, Plutarch indicates that "her beauty, as we are told, was in itself not altogether incomparable, nor such as to strike those who saw her." Rather, what ultimately made Cleopatra attractive were her wit, charm and "sweetness in the tones of her voice."

Cassius Dio also spoke of Cleopatra's allure: "For she was a woman of surpassing beauty, and at that time, when she was in the prime of her youth, she was most striking; she also possessed a most charming voice and knowledge of how to make herself agreeable to every one. Being brilliant to look upon and to listen to, with the power to subjugate every one, even a love-sated man already past his prime, she thought that it would be in keeping with her role to meet Caesar, and she reposed in her beauty all her claims to the throne."

These accounts influenced later cultural depictions of Cleopatra, which typically present her using her charms to influence the most powerful men in the Western world.

In fiction

Her legacy survives in numerous works of art and the many dramatizations of her story in literature, (e.g. Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra and Bernard Shaw's Caesar & Cleopatra) film, and television. (e.g. Elizabeth Taylor's famous depiction in Cleopatra, and the BBC/HBO co-production Rome)

In most depictions, Cleopatra is put forward as a great beauty and her successive conquests of the world's most powerful men is taken to be proof of her aesthetic and sexual appeal. Whether or not she would have been considered beautiful by current standards is unknown, but clearly she was appealing by the standards of her time. In his Pensées, philosopher Blaise Pascal contends that Cleopatra's classically beautiful profile changed world history: "Cleopatra's nose, had it been shorter, the whole face of the world would have been changed."

Her suicide in visual art

death of Cleopatra

Beginning with the Renaissance and continuing into later centuries individual artists, as well as artistic movements (e.g. Romanticism, Decandatism), have demonstrated a veritable passion for and derived much inspiration from Cleopatra's suicide; among the most well known pictorial iterations of Cleopatra's suicide are Cagnacci's Death of Cleopatra (1658) and Rixens's work of the same name (1874). A work that may have inspired Rixen's painting is Gautier's story Une Nuit de Cléopâtre (1838), which includes a fantastic—and an undisguisedly fetishistic—description of the Egyptian queen's body post-mortem. Other renditions include paintings by Reginald Arthur, Augustin Hirschvogel, the aforementioned Guido Cagnacci, Johann Liss, John William Waterhouse and Jean-André Rixens.

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Cleopatra" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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