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 +{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" | "What is [[Classical]] is [[health]]y; what is [[Romantic]] is [[sick]] [[What is Classical is healthy; what is Romantic is sick|[...]]]." --[[Goethe]]
 +|}
 +[[Image:The Artist Moved by the Grandeur of Ancient Ruins.jpg|thumb|right|200px|
 +''[[The artist's despair before the grandeur of ancient ruins]]'' ([[1778]]-[[1779|79]]) by [[Fuseli|Henry Fuseli]]]]
 +[[Image:Antichità Romane.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[Ancient Rome]] series.
 +<br>
 +Illustration: ''[[Antichita Romanae]]'' ([[1748]]) by [[Giovanni Battista Piranesi|Piranesi]]]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-:"What is [[Classical]] is [[health]]y; what is [[Romantic]] is [[sick]]." --[[Goethe]]. +The word '''classical''' has several meanings. In general, these meanings refer to some past time, works of that time or later works influenced by that time. Classical things are often seen as ordered and part of [[high culture]] or a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]], and contrasted to earlier or later things which may be seen as chaotic, elaborate or emotional.
 + 
 +==Etymology==
 +The word ''classical'' comes from the [[Latin]] word ''classicus'', which is similar in meaning to the English phrase ''first class''. The word seldom has this precise meaning in modern English, as illustrated by the examples below.
 + 
 +==Classical antiquity==
 +[[Classical antiquity]] is a long period of history centered on the [[Mediterranean Sea]], comprising the interlocking civilizations of [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome]]. This period is conventionally taken to stretch from roughly the 7th or 8th century BC to the 5th century AD. It is often seen as a [[golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] of [[Western culture|Western]] civilisation, preceding the [[Dark Ages]] of the [[early Middle Ages|early medieval]] period.
 + 
 +The word classical can refer to something from classical antiquity. For example:
 +*A ''Classical scholar'' is someone who studies the [[Classics]] - the language and culture of classical antiquity, particularly its literature.
 +*[[Classical philosophy]]
 +*[[Classical mythology]]
 +*[[Classical Latin]] is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as classical Latin literature. It is distinct from both vulgar Latin and medieval Latin. This distinction from vulgar Latin is in keeping with the meaning of the Latin word ''classicus'' given above.
 +*[[Classical architecture]]
 +**[[Classical order]] - one of the ancient styles of building design in the classical tradition. Originally Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, these were added to and modified by the Romans.
 +*''High classical'' refers to Greek art associated mainly with Athens and the works atop the Acropolis
 +*A ''classical education'' normally means an education in the classics, including learning Latin and ancient Greek. However, it can refer to the [[Classical education movement]].
 + 
 +==Classicism==
 +In the arts, [[Classicism]] refers to a high regard for classical antiquity. Classicism is a force which has been repeatedly present in post-medieval [[Western culture]]. It was particularly strong during the [[Renaissance]] and from the mid 18th into the 19th century. Classicist [[art movement]]s in this later period are often called [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical]]. In the context of classicism, the word classical can also refer to:
 +*''Classical themes'', themes an artist has taken from the [[Classics]]
 +*[[Classical unities]], rules for drama derived from a passage in Aristotle's ''Poetics''
 +*[[Neoclassical architecture]], also known as ''classical revival architecture''
 +*[[Sculpture#Neo-Classical|Neoclassical sculpture]].
 + 
 +==Classical music==
 +The term [[classical music]] is used colloquially to describe a variety of Western musical styles from the 9th century to the present. However, the [[classical period (music)|classical period]] in music is a specific time from 1750 to 1825, which roughly corresponds to a period of increased interest in classicism throughout European arts.
 + 
 +==Other classical cultures==
 +The word classical can also be used to refer to other cultures, by analogy with ''classical antiquity'' and ''classical music''. Examples of this usage include:
 +*[[Classical language]], a dead or archaic language comparable to ''classical Latin''. This normally means it has a literature that is considered classical, it is associated with a ''golden age'', it was spoken by high-status people or it is considered to be ordered. Examples illustrating this are given below:
 +**[[Classical Arabic]] is the Arabic language in which the Qur'an is written
 +**[[Classical Nahuatl]] is the language spoken by Aztec nobles in the Valley of Mexico at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest
 +**[[Classical French]] is the French language as systematised in the 17th and 18th centuries
 +*[[Four Great Classical Novels]], considered to be the greatest and most influential in Chinese fiction
 +*The [[list of classical music styles]] gives many styles of music considered classical.
 + 
 +==Classical ways of thinking and doing==
 +Similarly, many ways of thinking or doing are thought of as classical. In general, these are ways which have been superseded but which are still appreciated by some, often for their relative simplicity. For example:
 +*[[Classical physics]], the study of physics based on principles developed before the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics
 +**[[Classical mechanics]] is Newtonian physics. It is describes the motion of macroscopic objects.
 +**[[Classical electrodynamics]], as formalized by Maxwell in the 19th century.
 +*[[Classical thermodynamics]], a branch of physics developed in the early 19th century. It was superseded by statistical thermodynamics in the late 19th century and hence became classical before the rest of physics.
 +*[[Semiclassical]] physics, an approximation that combines aspects of classical physics with quantum mechanics.
 +*[[Classical logic]], a class of formal logics that have been most intensively studied and most widely used.
 +*[[Classical mathematics]], mathematics constructed and proved on the basis of classical logic and set theory. It is the mainstream way of looking at mathematics for academic pure mathematicians.
 +*''Classical control theory'' applies [[control theory]] to analogue systems. Based on methods such as [[Laplace]] transforms and calculus. It is contrasted to ''modern control theory'', which deals with digital control systems with methods such as the z transform.
 +*[[Classical economics]] is the school of economics developed by Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus in the late 18th and early 19th century.
 +*[[Neoclassical economics]] refers to the further development of classical economics from around 1870.
 +**[[Classical general equilibrium model]], a model developed as part of neoclassical economics.
 +**[[Neoclassical synthesis]], a movement in economics after the second world war. It sought to combine neoclassical economics with Keynsianism. It dominates mainstream economics to this day.
 +*[[Classical liberalism]] is the strain of thought coming from the fusion of economic liberalism with political liberalism of the late 18th and 19th centuries
 +*[[Classical conditioning]] is also known as Pavlovian conditioning.
 +*A [[classical guitar]] is a common type of acoustic guitar. It is not directly related to classical music.
 +*''Classical dance'', in a Western context, normally means [[ballet]]
 +**[[Classical ballet]] is the most formal of the ballet styles.
 +*[[Classical Indian dance]] is a relatively new umbrella term for various codified art forms whose theory can be traced back to 400 BC.
 + 
 +==Golden age==
 + 
 +There is a considerable overlap between the terms ''Classical'' and ''[[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]]''. The period which produced works considered ''Classical'' is often also reckoned to have been a ''golden age'' of that country, culture or field. For example, ''[[Classical Hollywood cinema]]'' and ''[[Golden Age of Hollywood]]'' are interchangeable terms referring to essentially the same thing.
 + 
 +==See also==
 +*[[Classics (disambiguation)]]
 +*[[Classic]]
 +* [[Classical Latin]]
 +* [[classical music]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Revision as of 21:19, 12 January 2014

"What is Classical is healthy; what is Romantic is sick [...]." --Goethe
This page Classical is part of the Ancient Rome series.  Illustration: Antichita Romanae (1748) by Piranesi
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This page Classical is part of the Ancient Rome series.
Illustration: Antichita Romanae (1748) by Piranesi

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The word classical has several meanings. In general, these meanings refer to some past time, works of that time or later works influenced by that time. Classical things are often seen as ordered and part of high culture or a golden age, and contrasted to earlier or later things which may be seen as chaotic, elaborate or emotional.

Contents

Etymology

The word classical comes from the Latin word classicus, which is similar in meaning to the English phrase first class. The word seldom has this precise meaning in modern English, as illustrated by the examples below.

Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity is a long period of history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. This period is conventionally taken to stretch from roughly the 7th or 8th century BC to the 5th century AD. It is often seen as a golden age of Western civilisation, preceding the Dark Ages of the early medieval period.

The word classical can refer to something from classical antiquity. For example:

  • A Classical scholar is someone who studies the Classics - the language and culture of classical antiquity, particularly its literature.
  • Classical philosophy
  • Classical mythology
  • Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as classical Latin literature. It is distinct from both vulgar Latin and medieval Latin. This distinction from vulgar Latin is in keeping with the meaning of the Latin word classicus given above.
  • Classical architecture
    • Classical order - one of the ancient styles of building design in the classical tradition. Originally Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, these were added to and modified by the Romans.
  • High classical refers to Greek art associated mainly with Athens and the works atop the Acropolis
  • A classical education normally means an education in the classics, including learning Latin and ancient Greek. However, it can refer to the Classical education movement.

Classicism

In the arts, Classicism refers to a high regard for classical antiquity. Classicism is a force which has been repeatedly present in post-medieval Western culture. It was particularly strong during the Renaissance and from the mid 18th into the 19th century. Classicist art movements in this later period are often called neoclassical. In the context of classicism, the word classical can also refer to:

Classical music

The term classical music is used colloquially to describe a variety of Western musical styles from the 9th century to the present. However, the classical period in music is a specific time from 1750 to 1825, which roughly corresponds to a period of increased interest in classicism throughout European arts.

Other classical cultures

The word classical can also be used to refer to other cultures, by analogy with classical antiquity and classical music. Examples of this usage include:

  • Classical language, a dead or archaic language comparable to classical Latin. This normally means it has a literature that is considered classical, it is associated with a golden age, it was spoken by high-status people or it is considered to be ordered. Examples illustrating this are given below:
    • Classical Arabic is the Arabic language in which the Qur'an is written
    • Classical Nahuatl is the language spoken by Aztec nobles in the Valley of Mexico at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest
    • Classical French is the French language as systematised in the 17th and 18th centuries
  • Four Great Classical Novels, considered to be the greatest and most influential in Chinese fiction
  • The list of classical music styles gives many styles of music considered classical.

Classical ways of thinking and doing

Similarly, many ways of thinking or doing are thought of as classical. In general, these are ways which have been superseded but which are still appreciated by some, often for their relative simplicity. For example:

  • Classical physics, the study of physics based on principles developed before the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics
  • Classical thermodynamics, a branch of physics developed in the early 19th century. It was superseded by statistical thermodynamics in the late 19th century and hence became classical before the rest of physics.
  • Semiclassical physics, an approximation that combines aspects of classical physics with quantum mechanics.
  • Classical logic, a class of formal logics that have been most intensively studied and most widely used.
  • Classical mathematics, mathematics constructed and proved on the basis of classical logic and set theory. It is the mainstream way of looking at mathematics for academic pure mathematicians.
  • Classical control theory applies control theory to analogue systems. Based on methods such as Laplace transforms and calculus. It is contrasted to modern control theory, which deals with digital control systems with methods such as the z transform.
  • Classical economics is the school of economics developed by Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus in the late 18th and early 19th century.
  • Neoclassical economics refers to the further development of classical economics from around 1870.
  • Classical liberalism is the strain of thought coming from the fusion of economic liberalism with political liberalism of the late 18th and 19th centuries
  • Classical conditioning is also known as Pavlovian conditioning.
  • A classical guitar is a common type of acoustic guitar. It is not directly related to classical music.
  • Classical dance, in a Western context, normally means ballet
  • Classical Indian dance is a relatively new umbrella term for various codified art forms whose theory can be traced back to 400 BC.

Golden age

There is a considerable overlap between the terms Classical and golden age. The period which produced works considered Classical is often also reckoned to have been a golden age of that country, culture or field. For example, Classical Hollywood cinema and Golden Age of Hollywood are interchangeable terms referring to essentially the same thing.

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Classical" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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