Charles III of Spain  

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-[[Image:Tomb of Pompeii by Jean-Baptiste Tierce.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Tomb]] of [[Pompeii]] by [[Jean-Baptiste Tierce]], [[1766]]]] 
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-:''[[Rediscovery of Pompeii]]''  
-After thick layers of ash covered [[Pompeii ]] and [[Herculaneum]], they were abandoned and eventually their names and locations were forgotten. Then Herculaneum was rediscovered in [[1738]] by workmen working on the foundation of a summer palace for the King of Naples, [[Charles III of Spain|Charles of Bourbon]]. Pompeii was rediscovered as the result of intentional excavations in 1748 by the Spanish military engineer [[Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre]]. These towns have since been excavated to reveal many intact buildings and wall paintings. The towns were actually found in 1599 by the architect [[Domenico Fontana]], who was digging a new course for the river [[Sarno]], but it took more than 150 years before a serious campaign was started to unearth them. [[Charles III of Spain|Charles of Bourbon]] took great interest in the findings even after becoming king of Spain because the display of antiquities reinforced the political and cultural power of Naples.+'''Charles III''' (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was the King of Spain and the ''Spanish Indes'' from 1759 to his death in 1788.
-== Domenico Fontana ==+Eldest son of [[Philip V of Spain]] and his second wife, Princess [[Elisabeth of Parma]], he became the [[List of Dukes of Parma|Duke of Parma and Piacenza]] under the name of '''Charles I''' (at the death of his great uncle [[Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma|Antonio Farnese]]); later on in 1734 while Duke of Parma he conquered the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily and was thus created the ''King of Naples and Sicily'' due to a personal union; he ruled under the simple name of '''Charles''' with no specific numeration even though time has made him ''Charles VII of Naples'' and ''Charles V and Sicily''. In Sicily, he was known as Charles III of Sicily and of Jerusalem; using the ordinal one III rather than V for the Sicilian people did not recognise as their sovereign legitimate one or Charles I of Naples (Charles d'Anjou), against whom they rebelled, nor the Emperor Charles, quickly discharged of the island. He was crowned King of Naples and Sicily at [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]] on 3 July 1735.
- +
-Some have theorized that Domenico Fontana found some of the famous erotic [[fresco]]es and, due to the strict modesty prevalent during his time, reburied them in an attempt at archaeological censorship. This view is bolstered by reports of later excavators who felt that sites they were working on had already been visited and reburied. Even many recovered household items had a sexual theme. The ubiquity of such imagery and items indicates that the sexual [[mores]] of the [[Culture of ancient Rome|ancient Roman culture]] of the time were much more liberal than most present-day cultures, although much of what might seem to us to be erotic imagery (eg. over-sized phalluses) was in fact fertility-imagery. This [[culture shock|clash of cultures]] led to an unknown number of discoveries being hidden away again. A wall fresco which depicted [[Priapus]], the ancient god of sex and fertility, with his extremely enlarged [[penis]], was covered with plaster, even the older reproduction below was locked away "out of prudishness" and only opened on request and only rediscovered in 1998 due to rainfall. +
-In 1819, when King [[Francis I of Naples]] visited the Pompeii exhibition at the [[Naples National Archaeological Museum|National Museum]] with his wife and daughter, he was so embarrassed by the erotic artwork that he decided to have it locked away in a [[Secret Museum, Naples|secret cabinet]], accessible only to "people of mature age and respected morals". Re-opened, closed, re-opened again and then closed again for nearly 100 years, it was briefly made accessible again at the end of the 1960s (the time of the [[sexual revolution]]) and was finally re-opened for viewing in 2000. Minors are still only allowed entry to the once secret cabinet in the presence of a guardian or with written permission.+In 1738 he married the cultured Princess [[Maria Amalia of Saxony]] with whom he had 13 children with; 8 of these reached adulthood and a further 4 of them had issue. The couple lived in Naples for 19 years and had a very happy marriage. She died in Madrid in 1760 aged 35.
-A large number of [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] come from Pompeii are preserved in the [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]].+After becoming the King of Spain by default, he left the Neapolitan and Sicilian kingdoms to his third surviving son who was later [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV of Naples; Ferdinand III of Sicily]]; Ferdinand would see the creation of the future [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] which would be ruled by Charles' descendants till 1861.
-==First real excavations==+He was a proponent of ''[[enlightened absolutism]]''.
-[[Karl Jakob Weber|Karl Weber]] directed the first real excavations; he was followed in 1764 by military engineer Franscisco la Vega. Franscisco la Vega was succeeded by his brother, [[Pietro la Vega|Pietro]], in 1804. During the French occupation Pietro worked with Christophe Saliceti.+
-[[Giuseppe Fiorelli]] took charge of the excavations in 1860. During early excavations of the site, occasional voids in the ash layer had been found that contained human remains. It was Fiorelli who realized these were spaces left by the decomposed bodies and so devised the technique of injecting [[plaster]] into them to perfectly recreate the forms of Vesuvius's victims. What resulted were highly accurate and eerie forms of the doomed ''Pompeiani'' who failed to escape, in their last moment of life, with the expression of terror often quite clearly visible. This technique is still in use today, with a clear [[resin]] now used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis. 
- 
-== See also == 
- 
-*[[Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum]] 
-*[[Secret Museum]] 
-*[[Erotic art]] 
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Charles III (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was the King of Spain and the Spanish Indes from 1759 to his death in 1788.

Eldest son of Philip V of Spain and his second wife, Princess Elisabeth of Parma, he became the Duke of Parma and Piacenza under the name of Charles I (at the death of his great uncle Antonio Farnese); later on in 1734 while Duke of Parma he conquered the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily and was thus created the King of Naples and Sicily due to a personal union; he ruled under the simple name of Charles with no specific numeration even though time has made him Charles VII of Naples and Charles V and Sicily. In Sicily, he was known as Charles III of Sicily and of Jerusalem; using the ordinal one III rather than V for the Sicilian people did not recognise as their sovereign legitimate one or Charles I of Naples (Charles d'Anjou), against whom they rebelled, nor the Emperor Charles, quickly discharged of the island. He was crowned King of Naples and Sicily at Palermo, Sicily on 3 July 1735.

In 1738 he married the cultured Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony with whom he had 13 children with; 8 of these reached adulthood and a further 4 of them had issue. The couple lived in Naples for 19 years and had a very happy marriage. She died in Madrid in 1760 aged 35.

After becoming the King of Spain by default, he left the Neapolitan and Sicilian kingdoms to his third surviving son who was later Ferdinand IV of Naples; Ferdinand III of Sicily; Ferdinand would see the creation of the future Kingdom of the Two Sicilies which would be ruled by Charles' descendants till 1861.

He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism.




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