Chalk
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| - | [[Five grotesque heads]] by [[Leonardo]] | + | '''Chalk''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|tʃ|ɔː|k}}) is a soft, white, porous [[sedimentary rock]], a form of [[limestone]] composed of the [[mineral]] [[calcite]]. Calcite is [[calcium carbonate]] or CaCO<sub>3</sub>. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute [[calcite]] plates ([[coccoliths]]) shed from micro-organisms called [[coccolithophores]]. It is common to find [[chert]] or [[flint]] nodules embedded in chalk. Chalk can also refer to other compounds including [[magnesium silicate]] and [[calcium sulfate]]. |
| - | The grotesque [[drawings by Leonardo da Vinci]] are sometimes know as literary [[facetiae]]. The drawings of Leonardo deserve an online [[monograph]]. The best effort to date is the one by Wikipedian Scriberius and is to be found here[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Scriberius/Projects/Drawings_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci]. | + | Chalk is resistant to [[weathering]] and slumping compared to the [[clay]]s with which it is usually associated, thus forming tall steep [[cliff]]s where chalk ridges meet the sea. Chalk [[hill]]s, known as chalk [[downland]], usually form where bands of chalk reach the surface at an angle, so forming a [[escarpment|scarp]] slope. Because chalk is porous it can hold a large volume of [[ground water]], providing a natural reservoir that releases water slowly through dry seasons. |
| - | Scriberius notes that | ||
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| - | :The '''List of drawings by Leonardo da Vinci''' gives a broad selection yet incomplete overwiew of the [[drawing]]s by [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] polymath (architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter) [[Leonardo da Vinci]] (1452 – 1519) who made several hundred drawings during the [[Italian Renaissance]]. He had drawn [[portrait]]s, [[object]]s, human [[anatomy]], [[diagram]]s, [[animal]]s, [[movement]]s, and his [[Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci|invention]]s/ideas (each fictional and/or real). Most of his work are [[sketch]]es and studies, some were preparations for his paintings. Leonardos drawings are considered as the first modern [[medical illustration]]s, too. Some paintings depict his [[dissection]]s of human bodies. | ||
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| - | ::Far from being just a wild enthusiast making notes about everything possible, Leonardo is surprisingly specialized in his studies. Moreover, the basic themes which he chooses are guided by systematic principles. It is striking that only about 10% of Leonardo's extant notes are about the natural world. Nearly 90% of his notes are concerned with man-made worlds which can be divided into mental, represented and constructed worlds. Of these the mental world receives about 15% of his attention, the represented world approximately 20%, while the constructed world receives approximately 65% of his attention, if we judge on the basis of extant notes. Leonardo's study of nature focusses on three aspects: physical, biological and botanical. With respect to the physical world, he is guided by two interests: cosmology and physics.|Dr. [[Kim H. Veltman|Kim Henry Veltman]], "Leonardo's Method". 5. Themes. (Originally a lecture at the Ateneo di [[Brescia]], Italy, in April 1991, also published as a book in Italian), Maastricht McLuhan Institute, Netherlands. --Kim H. Veltman, Leonardo's Method. (Originally a lecture at the Ateneo di Brescia, [[Brescia]], Italy, in April 1991). Retrieved 2010-06-22. | ||
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| - | :His drawings are scattered all over the world, both in private and public collections. There is no central or official system for his drawing [[Work of art|œuvre]]. [[Drawing technique]]s he used include [[ink]] on paper, [[pencil]] on paper, and [[chalk]] on paper. Most drawings are collected in [[manuscript]]s (''Codici''). Among his work are two drawn portraits of an old man that is supposed to be himself. His earliest dated drawing is ''[[Landscape of the Arno Valley]]'' (1473); his last known drawing was ... (151?). The [[Vitruvian Man]] and [[The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist]] are his most famous drawings. Lost drawings of Leonardo are ... | ||
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| - | See also: [[grotesque art]]. | ||
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| - | [[Alcide Bonneau]] rédigea de nombreux articles pour le ''[[Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle|Grand dictionnaire]]'' de [[Pierre Larousse]] (littératures italienne et espagnole), ainsi que pour le ''[[Le Petit Larousse|Nouveau Larousse illustré]]''. <br /> | ||
| - | De [[1876]] à [[1893]], il fut le principal collaborateur de l’éditeur [[Isidore Liseux]] (1835-1894), pour lequel il édita, traduisit et commenta une cinquantaine d’ouvrages [[érotique]]s ou simplement « curieux » : les ''Facéties'' de [[Poggio Bracciolini]] (1878); les ''Raggionamenti'' d’[[Arétin]] (1879-1880); les ''Dialogues de Luisa Sigea'' de [[Nicolas Chorier]] (1881); les ''Sonnets luxurieux'' d’Arétin (1882); les ''Apophoreta'', ou ''De Figuris Veneris'', de [[Friedrich Karl Forberg|Forberg]], sous le titre de ''Manuel d’érotologie classique'' (1882); la ''Cazzaria'' de [[Antonio Vignale]] (1882); les ''Poésies complètes'' de [[Giorgio Baffo]] (1884); la ''Raffaela'' de [[Piccolomini]] (1884); l’''Hecatelegium'' de [[Pacifico Massimi]] (1885); la ''Mandragore'', comédie de [[Machiavel]] (1887); ''[[La Gentille Andalouse]]'' de [[Francisco Delicado]] (1887); l’''Hermaphrodite'' de [[Antonio Beccadelli|Beccadelli]] (1892), etc. | ||
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| - | Tous ces ouvrages sont accompagnés de savantes notices, parfois plus longues que l’ouvrage qu'elles présentent. | ||
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| - | En [[1887]], il réunit un certain nombre de ces notices dans un [[recueil]] intitulé ''Curiosa'', et il semble que ce soit de là qu’est venu le sens d' « ouvrage(s) érotique(s) » désormais attribué à ce mot. | ||
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| - | De Bibliotheca | ||
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| - | Biblioteca Telematica | ||
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| - | CLASSICI DELLA LETTERATURA ITALIANA | ||
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| - | Poggii Facetiae (1-120) | ||
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| - | Di: Poggio Bracciolini | ||
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| - | [[The Facetiae of Poggio, vol. 1 (Paris: Isidore Liseux, 1879)]] | ||
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| - | [[China Europe Business & Exhibition Center]] | ||
| - | Six months ago it was made clear that the Chinese corporation [[Fanerdun Group Inc.]] will be investing millions in [[Kalmar]], Sweden. The hub of this venture will be the construction of the Sweden China Commodity Wholesale Market, an international trade centre with an exhibition hall with premises for 1100 companies. The centre is expected to generate the interest of wholesale companies all over Europe who will be sending their representatives to Kalmar to view and purchase Chinese products. There will also be housing in connection with the trade centre as well as a hotel. | ||
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Chalk (Template:IPAc-en) is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite plates (coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores. It is common to find chert or flint nodules embedded in chalk. Chalk can also refer to other compounds including magnesium silicate and calcium sulfate.
Chalk is resistant to weathering and slumping compared to the clays with which it is usually associated, thus forming tall steep cliffs where chalk ridges meet the sea. Chalk hills, known as chalk downland, usually form where bands of chalk reach the surface at an angle, so forming a scarp slope. Because chalk is porous it can hold a large volume of ground water, providing a natural reservoir that releases water slowly through dry seasons.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Chalk" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
