Byzantine–Ottoman wars  

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-The '''Ottoman wars in Europe''' were a series of military conflicts between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and various other European states dating from the [[Late Middle Ages]] up through the early 20th century. The earliest conflicts began during the [[Byzantine–Ottoman wars]] in the 13th century, followed by the [[Bulgarian–Ottoman wars]] and the [[Serbian–Ottoman Wars]] in the 14th century. Much of this period was characterized by [[Rumelia|Ottoman expansion into the Balkans]]. The Ottoman Empire made further inroads into Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, culminating in the peak of Ottoman territorial claims in Europe.+The '''Byzantine–Ottoman wars''' were a series of decisive conflicts between the [[Ottoman Turks]] and [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantines]] that led to the final destruction of the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the rise of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
-The [[Ottoman–Venetian Wars]] spanned four centuries, starting in 1423 and lasting until 1718. This period witnessed the [[Siege of Negroponte (1470)|fall of Negroponte]] in 1470, the [[Siege of Famagusta|fall of Famagusta]] ([[Cyprus]]) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the [[Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571 (at that time the [[largest naval battle in history]]), the [[Cretan_War_(1645–1669)#Fall_of_Candia|fall of Candia]] ([[Kingdom of Candia|Crete]]) in 1669, the Venetian [[Morean War|reconquest of Morea]] ([[Peloponnese]]) in the 1680s and [[Ottoman–Venetian_War_(1714–1718)#The_Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea|its loss again]] in 1715. The island of [[Ionian Islands under Venetian rule|Corfu under Venetian rule]] remained the only Greek island not conquered by the Ottomans.+In 1204 the Byzantine capital of [[Constantinople]] was [[Siege of Constantinople (1204)|sacked and occupied]] by the [[Fourth Crusade]]rs, an important moment of the Christian [[East–West Schism]]. The Byzantine Empire, already [[Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty|weakened by misrule]], was left divided and in chaos. Taking advantage of the situation, the [[Seljuk]] [[Sultanate of Rum]] began seizing territory in Western Asia Minor, until the [[Nicaean Empire]] was able to repulse the Seljuk Turks from the remaining territories still under Roman rule. Eventually Constantinople was re-taken from the [[Latin Empire]] in 1261 by the Nicaean Empire. However the position of the Byzantine Empire in the European continent remained uncertain due to the presence of the rival kingdoms of the [[Despotate of Epirus]], [[Serbia]] and the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]. This, combined with the reduced power of the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (Byzantium's chief rival in Asia) led to the removal of troops from Asia Minor to maintain Byzantium's grip on [[Thrace]]. However the weakening of the Sultanate of Rum was by no means a blessing to the Empire as nobles known as ''[[ghazis]]'' began setting up their fiefdoms, at the expense of the Byzantine Empire. While many Turkish [[beys]] participated in the conquest of Byzantine and Seljuk territory, the territories under the control of one such Bey named [[Osman I]] posed the greatest threat to Nicaea and to [[Constantinople]].
-In the late seventeenth century, European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]], reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the [[Great Turkish War]] of 1683–99. Nevertheless, Ottoman armies were able to hold their own against their European rivals until the second half of the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century the Ottomans were confronted with insurrection from their [[Serbian Revolution|Serbian]] (1804–1817) and [[Greek War of Independence|Greek]] (1821–1832) subjects. This occurred in tandem with the [[Russo-Turkish wars]], which further destabilized the empire. The final retreat of Ottoman rule came with the [[First Balkan War]] (1912-1913), followed by the signing of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] at the close of World War I.+Within 90 years of Osman I's establishment of the Ottoman beylik, Byzantine [[Asia Minor]] had ceased to exist and by ca. 1380, Byzantine Thrace was lost to the Ottomans. By ca. 1400, the once mighty Byzantine Empire was nothing more than a collection of the [[Despotate of the Morea]], a few Aegean islands and a strip of land in Thrace in the immediate vicinity of the Capital. The [[Crusade of Nicopolis]] in 1396, [[Timur]]'s invasion in 1402 and the final [[Crusade of Varna]] in 1444 allowed a ruined Constantinople to stave off defeat [[Fall of Constantinople|until 1453]]. With the conclusion of the war Ottoman supremacy became [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|established in the eastern Mediterranean]].
-==See also== 
-* [[Bulgarian–Ottoman Wars]]+==See also==
-* [[Byzantine-Ottoman wars]]+* [[Byzantine empire]]
-* [[Croatian–Ottoman Wars]]+* [[Ottoman empire]]
-* [[Crimean Khanate]]+
-* [[Fall of the Ottoman Empire]]+
-* [[Foreign policy of the Russian Empire]]+
-* [[Greco-Turkish War (disambiguation)]]+
-* [[History of the Republic of Venice]]+
-* [[History of the Serbian-Turkish wars]]+
-* [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War]]+
-* [[International relations 1648-1814]]+
-* [[Military of the Ottoman Empire]]+
-* [[Moldavian Magnate Wars]]+
-* [[Ottoman Decline Thesis]]+
* [[Ottoman Navy]] * [[Ottoman Navy]]
-* [[Ottoman wars in the Near East]]+* [[List of conflicts in the Middle East]]
-* [[Ottoman-Hungarian Wars]]+ 
-* [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars]]+
-* [[Ottoman–Persian Wars]]+
-* [[Ottoman–Venetian Wars]]+
-* [[Polish–Ottoman Wars]]+
-* [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire]]+
-* [[Russo-Crimean Wars]]+
-* [[Russo-Turkish Wars|Russo-Ottoman Wars]]+
-* [[Timeline of Turkish history]]+
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The Byzantine–Ottoman wars were a series of decisive conflicts between the Ottoman Turks and Byzantines that led to the final destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1204 the Byzantine capital of Constantinople was sacked and occupied by the Fourth Crusaders, an important moment of the Christian East–West Schism. The Byzantine Empire, already weakened by misrule, was left divided and in chaos. Taking advantage of the situation, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum began seizing territory in Western Asia Minor, until the Nicaean Empire was able to repulse the Seljuk Turks from the remaining territories still under Roman rule. Eventually Constantinople was re-taken from the Latin Empire in 1261 by the Nicaean Empire. However the position of the Byzantine Empire in the European continent remained uncertain due to the presence of the rival kingdoms of the Despotate of Epirus, Serbia and the Second Bulgarian Empire. This, combined with the reduced power of the Sultanate of Rum (Byzantium's chief rival in Asia) led to the removal of troops from Asia Minor to maintain Byzantium's grip on Thrace. However the weakening of the Sultanate of Rum was by no means a blessing to the Empire as nobles known as ghazis began setting up their fiefdoms, at the expense of the Byzantine Empire. While many Turkish beys participated in the conquest of Byzantine and Seljuk territory, the territories under the control of one such Bey named Osman I posed the greatest threat to Nicaea and to Constantinople.

Within 90 years of Osman I's establishment of the Ottoman beylik, Byzantine Asia Minor had ceased to exist and by ca. 1380, Byzantine Thrace was lost to the Ottomans. By ca. 1400, the once mighty Byzantine Empire was nothing more than a collection of the Despotate of the Morea, a few Aegean islands and a strip of land in Thrace in the immediate vicinity of the Capital. The Crusade of Nicopolis in 1396, Timur's invasion in 1402 and the final Crusade of Varna in 1444 allowed a ruined Constantinople to stave off defeat until 1453. With the conclusion of the war Ottoman supremacy became established in the eastern Mediterranean.


See also




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